نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان

2 استاد اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان

3 استادیار اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان

چکیده

بدون تردید انسان اقتصادی که ویژگی بنیادین آن عقلانیت است، نقطه آغاز تحلیل‌های اقتصادی است. مفهوم عقلانیت، موضوع مورد بحث دهه‌های اخیر علوم اجتماعی، به‌ویژه علم اقتصاد، بوده است. اقتصاددانان متعارف اغلب فرض عقلانیت را به این معنا به کار می‌گیرند که عاملان اقتصادی از تمام پیامدهای احتمالی آگاهی دارند و قادر به انتخاب‌هایی منطقی و سازگار هستند که مطلوبیت آنها را حداکثر می‌کند. با این ‌حال، منتقدان عقلانیت اقتصادی استدلال می‌کنند که این عاملان گاهی از خود رفتارهای غیرعقلانی بروز می‌دهند و همواره از تمام پیامدهای احتمالی انتخاب‌های خود آگاه نیستند. بسیاری از اقتصاددانان رفتاری و روان­شناسان ادعا می­کنند که عاملان اقتصادی به دلیل قابلیت‌های ذهنی محدود و شرایط محیطی خیلی خوب استدلال نمی‌کنند، این عاملان اغلب نمی‌دانند که چه چیزی برای آنها مفید است و به شیوه‌هایی نابهنجار، غیراستدلالی و ناسازگار رفتار می‌کنند.
در این مقاله با یک رویکرد تطبیقی، نظریه انتخاب عقلانی و انتقادهای اقتصاد رفتاری به این نظریه مورد تحلیل قرار می‌گیرد. به‌علاوه، برای درک عمیق‌تر مفهوم عقلانیت اقتصادی و بررسی میزان انطباق آن با رفتار و توانایی‌های ذهنی انسان از یافته‌های جدید در مورد کارکرد مغز و اقتصاد آزمایشگاهی استفاده می‌شود. نتایج نشان می‌دهد، اگرچه می‌توان اذعان کرد که افراد با توجه به محدودیت‌ها و قابلیت‌های مغزی خود در تمام تصمیمات و انتخاب‌های روزمره از عقلانیت کامل پیروی نمی‌کنند، اما نمی‌توان وجود رفتارهای غیرعقلانی فراگیر در تمام جنبه‌های زندگی انسان را نیز تأیید کرد و احتمالاً انسان‌ها از آنچه اقتصاد رفتاری فرض می‌کند، عقلانی‌تر عمل می­کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

رنانی، محسن و رزیتا مویدفر (1391)، چرخه­های افول اخلاق و اقتصاد، تهران، انتشارات طرح نو.
یوسفی، محمدقلی (1392)، «بررسی نظرات مکاتب نئوکلاسیک، اتریشی و نهادگرایی درباره مکانیزم بازار»، پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، سال هجدهم، شماره 55، 91-47.
Akerlof, G.A. and R.E. Kranton (2010), Identity Economics: HowOur Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Altman, M. (2012), Behavioral Economics for Dummies, Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons,
Ariely, D. (2010), The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of DefyingLogic at Work and at Home, New York: Harper.
Becker, G.S. (1962), “Irrational Behavior and Economic Theory”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 70, pp. 1-13.
———. (1993), “The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 101, pp. 385-409.
Ben-Ner, A. and Louis Putterman (1998), Economics, Values, andOrganization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Benz, M. and S. Meier (2006), “Do People Behave in Experiments as in Real Life? Evidence from Donations”, Zurich: University of Zurich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Working paper, No. 248.
Camerer, C. (2005), “Behavioral Economics”, In World Congress of the Econometric Society, 18-24 August 2005, London.
———. and George Loewenstein (2004), “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future,” in Advances in Behavioral Economics. Colin F. Camerer and George Loewenstein and Matthew Rabin, Eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 3-53.
Caplan, B. (2007), The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Damasio, A. (1994), Descartes's Error, New York: Putnam.
Drakopoulos, S.A. (1994), “Hierarchical Choice in Economics”, Journalof Economic Surveys, Vol. 8, pp. 133-153.
Duchaine, B., Cosmides L. and J. Tooby (2001), “Evolutionary Psychology and the Brain”, Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 11, pp. 225-230.
Edgeworth, F.Y. (1881), Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, New York, Kelley Publications, reprinted in 1967.
Elster, J. (1991), Rationality and Social Norms, European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 109-129.
———. (2007), Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. (2009), Reason and Rationality (Steven Rendall, Trans.), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Engelen, B. (2005), The Politics-Economics-Ethics Continuum Revisited, Romanian Journal of Bioethics, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 60-69.
———. (2007), Rationality and Institutions: an Inquiry into the Normative Implications of Rational Choice Theory (Doctoral Dissertation), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Retrieved from: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/1979/975
Foka-Kavalieraki, Y. and Aristides N. Hatzis (2011), “Rational after All: Toward an Improved Theory of Rationality in Economics”, Revue de Philosophie Economique, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-51.
Frey, B.S. and A.Stutzer (2007), “Economics and Psychology: Development and Issues”, in Economics and Psychology: A Promising NewCross-Disciplinary Field, B.S. Frey and A. Stutzer, Eds., Cambridge Mass: MIT Press (CESifo Seminar Series), pp. 3-15.
Hargreaves Heap, S. (1989), Rationality in Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Hausman, D.M. and M.S McPherson (2006), Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Ed.
Hawking, S. (2001), The Universe in a Nutshell, New York: Bantam.
Herrnstein, R.J. (1990), Behavior, Reinforcement, and Utility, Psychological Science, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 217-224.
Hindmoor, A. (2006), Rational Choice, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ho, T., Lin, N., and Colin Camerer (2006), “Modeling the Psychology of Consumer and Firm Behavior with Behavioral Economics”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 43, pp. 307-331.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (1988), Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern InstitutionalEconomics, Cambridge: Polity Press.
———. (2012), “On the Limits of Rational Choice Theory”, Economic Thought, Vol. 1, pp. 94-108.
Hoffman, Elizabeth, Kevin McCabe, Keith Shachat, and Vernon L. Smith (1994), “Preferences, Property Rights and Anonymity in Bargaining Games”, Games and Economic Behavior, Vol. 7, pp. 346–380.
Kahneman, D., Amos Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”, Econometrica, vol. 47, pp. 263-291.
Lagueux, M. (1997), “The Rationality Principle and Classical Economics”, in Congress of History of Economics Society, College of Chalerston, Chalerston, SC.
List, J.A. (2004), “Neoclassical Theory versus Prospect Theory: Evidence from the Marketplace”, Econometrica, vol. 72, pp. 615-625.
McKenzie, Richard B. (2010), Predictably Rational: In Search of Defenses for Rational Behavior in Economics, New York: Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht.
Mill, J.S (1967), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume IV - Essays on Economics and Society Part I, John M. Robson, Ed., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Retrieved from: the World Wide Web:http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/244
Moser, P.K. (1990), Rationality in Action: Contemporary Approaches, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nozick, R. (1993), The Nature of Rationality, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Park, J.W. and P.J. Zak (2007), “Neuroeconomics Studies”, Analyse andKritik, Vol. 29, pp. 47-59.
Pettit, P. (2002), Rules, Reasons, and Norms, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Platt, M. L. and P. W. Glimcher (1999), “Neural Correlates of Decision Variables in Parietal Cortex” Nature, Vol. 400, No. 6741, pp. 233-238.
Plott, C. and K.Zeiler (2005), “The Willingness to Pay – Willingness to Accept Gap, the ‘Endowment Effect’, Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations”, American EconomicReview, Vol. 95, pp. 530-545.
Prabakaran, S. (2014), “Rationality in Economics – The Thermodynamics Approach and Evaluation Criteria”, Journal of Empirical Economics, Vol 3, No. 1, pp. 43-55.
Robbins, L. (1935), An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 2nd revised ed., London: Macmillan.
Ross, D. (2005), Economic Theory and Cognitive Science: Microexplanations, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Schmidtz, D. (1993), “Reasons for Altruism”, Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 52-68.
SEN, A. (1977), “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 317-344.
Skouras, Thanos, George J. Avlonitis, and Kostis A. Indounas (2005), “Economics and Marketing on Pricing: How and Why Do They Differ”, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 362–374.
Simon, H. (1957), Models of Man: Social and Rational; Mathematical Essays onRational Human Behavior in a Social Setting, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
———. (1987), “Bounded Rationality”, in Utility and Probability. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman, Eds., New York: Norton, 1990, pp. 15-18.
———. (1990), Alternative Visions of Rationality, in Rationality in Action: Contemporary Approaches. P.K. Moser, Ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189-204.
Simonson, I. and A. Tversky (1992), “Choice in Context - Tradeoff Contrast and Extremeness Aversion”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 281-295.
Smith, V.L. (2008), Rationality in Economics: Constructivist and Ecological Forms, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sundar, S. (2004), “Markets as Artifacts: Aggregate Efficiency from Zero-Intelligence Traders”, In Models of Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Simon, M. Augier and J. March, Eds., Cambridge (Massachusetts): MIT Press.
Sutherland, S. (2007), Irrationality, New York: Printer & Martin.
Thaler, R.H. (1999), “Mental Accounting Matters”, Journal of BehavioralDecision Making, Vol. 12, pp.183-206.
Tullock, G. (1994), The Economics of Non-Human Societies, Tucson, Arizona: Pallas Press.
Tversky, A. and Daniel Kahneman (1974), “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”, Science, Vol. 185, pp. 1124-1131.
———. (1981), “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, Science, Vol. 211, No. 4481, pp. 453-458.
———. (1991), “Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106, pp. 1039-1961.
Tversky, A. and C.R. Fox (1995), “Weighing Risk and Uncertainty”, Psychological Review, vol. 102, pp. 269-283.
Wilkinson, N, and M. Klaes (2012), An Introduction to Behavioral Economics, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Weber, Max (1978), Economy and Society, Berkeley: California University Press.
Zamagni, Stefano (1991), “Extended Rationality, Altruism and the Justification of Moral Rules”, University of Bologna, Working paper No 119.