Hamid Sepehrdoust; Mahsa Barooti
Abstract
One of the main policies for solving the problem of economic growth obstacles and eliminating the sole dependence of the economy on oil revenues is to improve the country's tax system performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting the tax system performance in ...
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One of the main policies for solving the problem of economic growth obstacles and eliminating the sole dependence of the economy on oil revenues is to improve the country's tax system performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting the tax system performance in Iranian economy with special reference to Tanzi inflation effect. In order to achieve the research objectives, an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was used to estimate the short-term as well as long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on tax system performance for the period 1984-2014, emphasizing on the Tanzi inflation effect as substantial factor. The results showed that in the long term and short term, the inflation rate and agriculture sector's value added have negative significant effects, while human development indicator, industry and service sector's value added and government's expenditures have positive significant effects on tax system performance in Iran during the period of the study.Therefore,effective measures are required to be adopted for the extension of tax bases in the industry as well as service sectors on the one hand, and timely collection of tax revenues through shortening the courses of tax collection is also recommended on the other. These steps along with removal of unnecessary tax exemptions would certainly cause strengthening the efficiency level of tax system performance in the Iranian economy.
Esfandiar Jahangard; Alireza Naseriborocheni
Abstract
In this paper, we combine the input-output approach with fuzzy clustering using the input-output tables of 2011 and 2006 in order to identify the sectoral weights of the Iranian economy. The outliers were separately clustered in order to eliminate their undesirable effects on clustering. The results ...
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In this paper, we combine the input-output approach with fuzzy clustering using the input-output tables of 2011 and 2006 in order to identify the sectoral weights of the Iranian economy. The outliers were separately clustered in order to eliminate their undesirable effects on clustering. The results show that key economic sectors in the manufacturing and mining (non-metallic minerals, basic metals, machinery and equipment n.e.c., distribution of gaseous fuels through mains, other mining, coke and refined petroleum products and nuclear fuels), in Iran are outliers, hence, need to be separately clustered. Moreover, the key sectors are "crude petroleum and natural gas" - "wholesale and retail, maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related parts and accessories, public administration, land transport and agriculture" for export promotion and job creation, respectively.
Sareh Hosseini; Hamid Amirnejad; Jafar Oladi
Abstract
National park is one of the world's natural ecosystems and the most vital environment for sustainable development of the environment and the ecological phenomenon whose valuation of their functions and services is one of the most effective factors in their stability. In order to achieve this goal, ecological ...
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National park is one of the world's natural ecosystems and the most vital environment for sustainable development of the environment and the ecological phenomenon whose valuation of their functions and services is one of the most effective factors in their stability. In order to achieve this goal, ecological and socioeconomic functions and services of Kiasar national park in northern Iran which include two forest and rangeland ecosystems using direct market methods, benefits transfer, cost-based methods and the replacement cost has been valued. In this research, the economic value of forest and rangeland ecosystem of Kiasar national park in 1393 was determined to be 2132.59 and 61.47 billion Rials, respectively. Based on the results, the total economic value of the services and functions of Kiasar national park is 883.2 billion Rials and the economic value per hectare is estimated at 388.59 million Rials. Also, three functions, water conservation, natural gas regulation and habitat have the highest share and two land and social functions have the lowest share of the economic value of the Kiasar national park. These results suggest that the national park Kiasar in terms of ecology more than the economic and social aspects.
Teimour Mohammadi; Ali Asghar Salem; Fatemeh Mir Mohammad Ali Tajrishi
Abstract
Equivalence scale is an important concept in household welfare debates wich plays an important role in the measurement of poverty and inequality. Equivalence scale is an index that converts household's expenditures into comparable values. In this research, equivalence scale in terms of the relative cost ...
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Equivalence scale is an important concept in household welfare debates wich plays an important role in the measurement of poverty and inequality. Equivalence scale is an index that converts household's expenditures into comparable values. In this research, equivalence scale in terms of the relative cost of a child was estimated using Price scaling with a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. The estimation method is nonlinear seemingly unrelated regressions and the estimation period is 2008-2012. Results indicate that one child costs about 15 percent of an adult in rural households and the quadratic expenditure effects is highly significant. It is concluded that the general equivalence scale, varies with price. Household's equivalence scales with different demographic characteristics is used to calculate equivalent income in this period in order to compare welfare, poverty and income inequality across rural households.
sahar dashtban Farouji; Majid Dashtban Farouji
Abstract
In this paper, we will examine the effect of age structure of the population on the government’s social security expenses. For this purpose, we have estimated the corresponding function by using the relevant data in the period from thefirst season of 1367 to the fourth season of 1392. The results ...
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In this paper, we will examine the effect of age structure of the population on the government’s social security expenses. For this purpose, we have estimated the corresponding function by using the relevant data in the period from thefirst season of 1367 to the fourth season of 1392. The results showed that GDP, general government revenues and age structure of population have positive and significant effects on government’s social security expenses. It means that if the number of retirees increases, the government’s expenses will increase as well. The results also showed that the government’s predicted social security expenses in the spring, summer, autumn and winter of 1393 are as follows: 311903.3 billion rials, 311928.2 billion rials, 312135.5 billion rials and 312200.4 billion rials, respectively.
Mehdi Yazdani; Hassan Dargahi; Roghayeh Akbari Afrouzi
Abstract
In general, the main objective of monetary policies is to stabilize the key macroeconomic variables, especially the inflation around its target. However, the role of some variables such as the real exchange rate can be important in optimal monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks ...
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In general, the main objective of monetary policies is to stabilize the key macroeconomic variables, especially the inflation around its target. However, the role of some variables such as the real exchange rate can be important in optimal monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks in commodity dependent emerging market economies, such as oil-exporting countries. This study tries to examine the impacts of different monetary policy in order to minimize the adverse effects of the economic shocks, by considering the real exchange rate gap into the flexible inflation targeting rule, in the Iranian economy. Hence, using a new Keynesian model, the demand and Phillips curves are estimated by autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) method, based on the quarterly data during 1991:Q1-2014:Q4 and then a loss function for the central bank is minimized subject to above equations, by using the optimal control approach. According to the results, when the real exchange rate gap is calculated based on the lower targets, existence of this variable in the loss function of the monetary authorities lead to lower losses. But the higher real exchange rate gap is accompanied by higher losses. For summary, dependent on the real exchange rate gap, the monetary author can use the target of the exchange rate as a policy target. However, the flexible inflation targeting monetary framework, with regards to real exchange rate targeting, is not optimal policy in case of more rigid exchange rate regimes.
Saman Ghaderi
Abstract
This study examines the hysteresis effect of currency substitution in Iran using a model of money-in-the-utility function with two currencies (home and foreign). In this respect, Divisia monetary aggregates has been used for calculating the dollars in circulating. The bounds testing approach to the analysis ...
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This study examines the hysteresis effect of currency substitution in Iran using a model of money-in-the-utility function with two currencies (home and foreign). In this respect, Divisia monetary aggregates has been used for calculating the dollars in circulating. The bounds testing approach to the analysis of level relationship proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model have been used for Iranian quarterly data during 1990- 2014. The results indicate that there is evidence supporting the existence of the hysteresis effect of currency substitution in Iran. In other words, currency substitution process is irreversible. Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank consider the effect of the hysteresis of dollarization phenomenon on monetary policy and the purpose of controlling inflation and reducing exchange rate volatility as the main reasons of currency substitution, continues to be a priority for economic policy.
