Ahmad Jafari Samimi; Zahra (Mila) Elmi; Arash Hadizade
Volume 9, Issue 32 , October 2007, , Pages 31-53
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of some macroeconomic variables on house price index. We apply a macroeconomic model with micro foundations that uses household income, stock price index, building service price index, housing completions, supply of money, and inflation to explain ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of some macroeconomic variables on house price index. We apply a macroeconomic model with micro foundations that uses household income, stock price index, building service price index, housing completions, supply of money, and inflation to explain the changes in house price index. We use the ARDL and the ECM model with the seasonal data for the period 1995-2006 to estimate the speed of convergence to equilibrium. Our findings indicate that the macroeconomic variables can explain the changes in the house price index in Iran, and the sign of estimated coefficients confirm the hypothesis.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Farideh Bagheri
Volume 7, Issue 22 , April 2005, , Pages 31-42
Abstract
This paper attempt to presents the pattern of distribution poverty among Iranian households calculated by the two criteria, absolute poverty and relative poverty considering socio-economic characteristics (e.g. urban or rural), the household head's educational level, age, occupation, and economic activity, ...
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This paper attempt to presents the pattern of distribution poverty among Iranian households calculated by the two criteria, absolute poverty and relative poverty considering socio-economic characteristics (e.g. urban or rural), the household head's educational level, age, occupation, and economic activity, as well as the location of the household's residence. The research results indicate that during the period in review the rural population poverty share to the country's total poverty has exceeded that of the urban peoples, the former following a downward trend and the latter has an upward trend. The households whose head is in the age group above 55 are poorer than those in the other age groups, and the households whose head is engaged in the agricultural activities or in unskilled jobs are poorer than those in the other occupations.
The results also indicate that the highest rate relates to the households whose head is a family worker or a self-employed worker.
Ahmad Mojtahed; Saeed Javadipoor
Volume 6, Issue 19 , July 2004, , Pages 31-54
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a new concept of Health Capital, and use the augmented Solow model with data from 33 developing countries to analyze the effect of health expenditures on Economic growth. The results show that in addition to physical and human capital, health capital have positive and significant ...
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In this article, we introduce a new concept of Health Capital, and use the augmented Solow model with data from 33 developing countries to analyze the effect of health expenditures on Economic growth. The results show that in addition to physical and human capital, health capital have positive and significant effect on Economic growth, via health expenditures. Also, the Hausman test for simultaneity shows that the health expenditures variable can be affected by Economic growth.
Teimour Mohammadi; Mohammad Hossein Pourkazemi; Abbass Shakeri; Ali Safdari; Behnam Aminrostamkolaee
Abstract
The present paper provides option pricing by using Merton-Black-Scholes approach in order to calculate the market value of banks’ assets, assets volatility, and distance to default for a selected sample of Iranian private banks in the period of 2010-1013. Therefore, the approach is able to solve ...
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The present paper provides option pricing by using Merton-Black-Scholes approach in order to calculate the market value of banks’ assets, assets volatility, and distance to default for a selected sample of Iranian private banks in the period of 2010-1013. Therefore, the approach is able to solve some problems of banks valuation. At first for the period of 4 years, market value of assets, assets volatility and the distance to default were calculated and compared. Then, weighted average of market value, volatility, and Z-score for the banks in the period were also computed and compared. The results showed that Mellat bank had the highest, and Sina bank had the lowest value during the period. The results of assets risk and distance to default (Z score) have been different for each year. Also, weighted average of market value and assets risk (volatility) of these banks showed a rising trend during these 4 years. Considering the increased average capital adequacy ratio during these 4 years for 8 banks, the average Z (distance to default) has been decreased. This means that during the period of 4 years, by increasing the rate of capital adequacy, banks have been closer to default. Probably, the negative effects of economic and non-economic factors exceed positive impact of capital adequacy rate.
Zahra Kashanian; hosein raghfar; Mir Hossein Mousavi
Abstract
Population aging was one of the most important concerns of the last century all over the world. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of demographic changes on some macroeconomic variables, Diamond two-stage overlapping generation model (OLG model) is applied. In this model, we consider an ...
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Population aging was one of the most important concerns of the last century all over the world. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of demographic changes on some macroeconomic variables, Diamond two-stage overlapping generation model (OLG model) is applied. In this model, we consider an economy inhabited by two-period lived overlapping generations, the length of each period is considered thirty years. From the life cycle perspective, the first period represents working period and the second one is considered as the retirement period. This model consists of three sectors: household, government and production which operate in a competitive market. Simulations indicate that 6 components affect the economic growth: labor supply, savings rate, capital deepening and public investment have positive effects and elder labor supply and tax have negative effects on growth. The component of capital deepening and public investment respectively has the strongest impact on economic growth. The model has some predictions based on the replacement of endogenous growth with exogenous growth. Predictions about endogenous and exogenous growth shows the replacement has negligible impact on the results.
Farshid Mojaver Hosseini; Farid Fayazmanesh
Volume 8, Issue 27 , July 2006, , Pages 33-64
Abstract
Assessment of sectoral impacts of Iran’s accession to the world trade organization is the prime objective of this paper. To this end a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is employed. Using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), the model is calibrated to 1997 as the benchmark year. The ...
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Assessment of sectoral impacts of Iran’s accession to the world trade organization is the prime objective of this paper. To this end a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is employed. Using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), the model is calibrated to 1997 as the benchmark year. The results of the model indicate that accession of Iran to WTO leads to 2.6 percent contraction of the manufacturing sector and 1.7 percent expansion of the agricultural sector. Market access provision of WTO is most beneficial to Iranian non-oil exports, such that exports of manufacturing, mining and agriculture increases between 17.5 and 20.5 percent. Joining WTO exerts heavy pressure on mining sector, while construction sector experiences moderate expansion. An increase in international oil price can amplify the impacts of WTO accession on the expansion of the construction sector, weaken its impact on agriculture expansion and worsen its contractionary impact on Mining, Manufacturing and the Utilities.
Mansour Zerra Nezhad; Behrooz Ghanadi
Volume 7, Issue 24 , October 2005, , Pages 33-52
Abstract
This paper aims to estimate labour productivity in Khuzestan's industries during 1971-2001. To this end a generalized Cob-Douglas model is applied in which capital stock, gap between actual and potential output and research cost are independent variables. Since the data on the fist two variables were ...
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This paper aims to estimate labour productivity in Khuzestan's industries during 1971-2001. To this end a generalized Cob-Douglas model is applied in which capital stock, gap between actual and potential output and research cost are independent variables. Since the data on the fist two variables were not available, two methods, i.e., exponential trend of investment and Intriligator method, were applied to generate them. The findings of the research show that labour productivity has direct relationship with capital stock as well as research cost, but indirect relationship with output gap.
Nooraldin Sharify; Mohammad Alizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 13 , February 2003, , Pages 33-56
Abstract
Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix ...
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Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix (SAM). To this end, using the multipliers analysis of the social accounting matrix for the year 1994,we examined the effects of government current and development expenditures on products, value added and employment in different economic sectors of the region.
One of the advantages of this procedure is the possibility of studying the effects of government expenditures on macroeconomic variables in the region by disagregating them into several sectors. The results indicate that government expenditures on public services and machinary let to more economic activities in the region in comparison with. other sectors. In addition, current expenditures caused more value added in comparison with the government investment in infrastructure in the region.
Behrooz Hadi Zenooz
Volume 5, Issue 17 , February 2004, , Pages 33-44
Hossein Tavakolian; Ahmadreza Jalali Naeeni
Abstract
Macroeconomic equilibrium depends on both current and future behaviour of the monetary authority. Policymaker can manage economic agents' expectation by determining a specific rule in monetary policy and commit to it. There is a vast literature on central banks incentive in instrument and target choice ...
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Macroeconomic equilibrium depends on both current and future behaviour of the monetary authority. Policymaker can manage economic agents' expectation by determining a specific rule in monetary policy and commit to it. There is a vast literature on central banks incentive in instrument and target choice in monetary economics. According to this literature, this paper studies discretionary and Ramsey optimal monetary policies for Iran in a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model which is modified to capture the properties of the economy of Iran. The empirical results show that if there is a commitment to targets, monetary authority can control inflation. However, if the authority implements discretionary monetary policy, despite having two policy instruments of monetary base growth rate and nominal exchange rate depreciation, central bank could not manage expectations and would face inflation bias and higher volatilities.
Abdorasoul Sadeghi; Seyed Komail Tayebi
Abstract
Due to the historical importance of inflation in the Iranian economy and its serious effects on the society, the present study has explored the impacts of international sanctions and other effective factors on the inflation rate in Iran during 1981-2014. To this end, this paper has specified an econometric ...
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Due to the historical importance of inflation in the Iranian economy and its serious effects on the society, the present study has explored the impacts of international sanctions and other effective factors on the inflation rate in Iran during 1981-2014. To this end, this paper has specified an econometric model of inflation rate, which has been estimated by the ARDL method using relevant time series data including the above period. The empirical results obtained indicate that the international sanctions have had direct and significant effects on the inflation rate through changes in exchange rate and budget deficit. Additionally, exchange rate, money liquidity and deposit interest rate have had positive and significant effects on the inflation rate, while oil revenues and tax earnings have influenced indirectly and significantly Iran’s inflation rate over the period.
Masoud Kiumarthi; Mohammad Taher Ahmadi Shadmehri; Mostafa Salimifar; Hamid Abrishami
Abstract
Analyzing the effects of energy and financial sanctions on the output gap of the economy of Iran is the aim of this study. To do so, a New-Keynesian DSGE model is used to design the structure of model. In this approach, by defining a shock, energy and financial sanctions is included into objective functions ...
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Analyzing the effects of energy and financial sanctions on the output gap of the economy of Iran is the aim of this study. To do so, a New-Keynesian DSGE model is used to design the structure of model. In this approach, by defining a shock, energy and financial sanctions is included into objective functions of the economic agents whereby the behavior of households in subsectors, consumption, capital accumulation and investment spending, and also the behavior of firm in production function and marginal cost are affected by energy and financial sanctions since 2011. The data in this study is quarterly for the period 1989 – 2014. To this end the output gap is computed by Kalman filter approach and other variables are filtered by Hodrick – Prescott method. Then by using Bayesian methods, the structural parameters are estimated, where, the results from MCMC Statistic, Gelman - Brooks statistic and comparing prior and posterior distribution functions indicate that the results are credible. Finally, the effects of energy and financial sanctions on the output gap and other variables have been analyzed by stochastic simulation. The results from simulation reveals that by imposing economic sanctions, investment spending, total consumption and the process of capital accumulation declines and the costs associated with output increased thereby the output gap in economy tends to increase. Moreover, from the results of variance decomposition, investment and inflation rate is more influenced by sanctions than other shocks.
Behzad Doulati; Shukurov Buri Urakovich
Volume 17, Issue 53 , February 2013, , Pages 35-53
Abstract
Due to increasing economic globalization and the need for greater global participation of countries, policy-makers and politicians throughout the world have broadly addressed the regional cooperation in the past two decades. Iran is no exception and to that end, it seeks to expand ties with central Asian ...
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Due to increasing economic globalization and the need for greater global participation of countries, policy-makers and politicians throughout the world have broadly addressed the regional cooperation in the past two decades. Iran is no exception and to that end, it seeks to expand ties with central Asian countries. The economic indicators of these countries represent their relatively suitable situations in terms of population, GDP, per capita income, and social indices. So they could be suitable markets for absorbing Iran's export and supplying its needs. This paper analyzes Iran's potential and capacity for trade ties with central Asian countries with emphasis on complementary trade as well as greater trade potential. Findings of the study indicates that Iran and central Asian countries do not enjoy trade complementarity in all sectors and they have a very low degree of similarity in import from each other. Estimates suggest that Iran's export potential in trade with these countries is approximately $m 899. So it is recommended that further cooperation should be confined to certain sectors (such as industries, oil, and petrochemicals) in which Iran enjoys the required export potential and capacity.
Batool Seyedi; Fariborz Dortaj; Seyed Abdolmajid Jalaee
Volume 16, Issue 49 , February 2012, , Pages 35-69
Abstract
As in the current centered educational system "text-book" represents educational goals at the national level. Thus, in this study attempt was made to answer this question based on content analyzing: "how much importance has been devoted to economic concepts in the primary education text-books". So, after ...
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As in the current centered educational system "text-book" represents educational goals at the national level. Thus, in this study attempt was made to answer this question based on content analyzing: "how much importance has been devoted to economic concepts in the primary education text-books". So, after some preliminary theoretical studies, content analyzing pattern was designed. Then the validity and reliability of this pattern calculated and analysis was begun. For this purpose, by using data collection bill, the content of the primary education text-books except mathematics were analyzed in academic year (1385-1386). Then, economic concepts and implications were identified and classified in five types: "microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic development, labor economic and international economics" and two presentation ways (direct & indirect). The results of investigation show that economic concepts in relation to economic development, microeconomics, labor economics, macroeconomics and international economics orderly have been devoted to themselves the most amplitudes. Also, the economic concepts presentation ways were different, for economic concepts in relation to microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic development and international economics; the direct presentation way has been used frequently and for labor economics indirect presentation way has been used. in general, the direct presentation way used more than indirect way. The analysis show that economic concepts presentation in various bases hadn’t special order and although, economic concepts has increased progressively from first primary grade to fifth primary grade, but this process hasn’t liner motion and has some inflections. Also, economic concepts have been presented in theoretical manner. At the end we suggest that more attention must be paid to some concepts of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Also, in addition to theoretical instruction of economic concepts, practical instruction by using more active methods must be considered.
Rasul Bakhshi Dastjerdi; Fateme Abolhasani Targhi
Volume 15, Issue 44 , October 2010, , Pages 35-66
Abstract
It is assumed that major factors of production are all in full employment condition in the Iranian economy. Land sector, however, indicates a rather peculiar situation, as it seems to be in a disequilibrium condition. On the one hand the need for housing and business indicates a high demand for urban ...
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It is assumed that major factors of production are all in full employment condition in the Iranian economy. Land sector, however, indicates a rather peculiar situation, as it seems to be in a disequilibrium condition. On the one hand the need for housing and business indicates a high demand for urban hand, while on the other hand the supply of building are limited with many lots held as idle, and not supplied in the market. It seems that regulating land sector would have positive impact on economic activities. In this study, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium framework to study the land tax effects on the economy. We show that land tax is a neutral tax without any distorting effects, increasing Iran's GNP, per capita saving and per capita welfare indices by 0.32, 0.33, 0.647 and 0.2 percent, nespectinely in the long run.
Javid Bahrami; Teimour Mohammadi; Shadi Bozorg
Volume 19, Issue 60 , October 2014, , Pages 37-65
Abstract
Tracing the impact of exchange rate movements on prices is one the most important issues in monetary policy making. In this paper by applying a SVAR model to a quarterly data set spanning from 1990q1 to 2013q4, we assess the effect of exchange rate variations on domestic prices in Iran. In addition to ...
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Tracing the impact of exchange rate movements on prices is one the most important issues in monetary policy making. In this paper by applying a SVAR model to a quarterly data set spanning from 1990q1 to 2013q4, we assess the effect of exchange rate variations on domestic prices in Iran. In addition to exchange rate growth and output gap, the growth of liquidity, consumer, producer, and import prices are also included in the model. Our findings suggest that: i) There is an asymmetry in exchange rate pass-through in Iran. ii) Although small appreciations have no effect on prices, depreciations, especially large ones, are significantly effective. iii) The effect of exchange rate on consumer price growth, lasts for relatively longer periods of time.
Hossein Marzban; Ali Hossein Ostadzad
Abstract
Ongoing sanctions on Iranian economy have proved to be very harmful and detrimental to Iranian economic affairs and social welfare. Evaluating the unfair impacts of these sanctions on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and social welfare is the aim of this paper. Firstly, we have developed a generalized growth ...
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Ongoing sanctions on Iranian economy have proved to be very harmful and detrimental to Iranian economic affairs and social welfare. Evaluating the unfair impacts of these sanctions on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and social welfare is the aim of this paper. Firstly, we have developed a generalized growth model in the presence of sanctions while treating exchange rate as a random variable. Secondly, three different forms of sanctions are introduced into the model and their bearings on national product and social welfare is studied. The first tier of the sanctions is imposed on consumption, intermediary and capital goods while exchange rate is assumed to have a random behavior. Then sanctions are also imposed on Iranian oil and gas production. We have devised several scenarios using stochastic Hamilton Bellman Jacobian value function (SHBJ) and genetic algorithm optimization methods. Our results of the first and second scenario imply that the level of social welfare is mostly affected by oil and gas sanctions while goods embargo has targeted goods production. The effects of sanctions on GDP and social welfare is represented by a concave curve. This curvature shows that the impact of sanctions on GDP and social welfare is stronger at the beginning than later on when further sanctions are introduced. In the third scenario oil, gas and goods sanctions are imposed simultaneously. Our results also show that the third scenario effects is stronger than the other two. According to the Gross Domestic Product data acquired for year 1390, oil and gas sanctions have lowered the GDP by 30 percent, while the overall reduction in GDP through all sanction collectively is estimated between 30 to 50 Percent.
Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Reza Ranjpor; Fateme Bagherzadeh Azar; Soha Mousavi
Volume 20, Issue 65 , February 2016, , Pages 37-61
Abstract
In developing countries like Iran, fiscal policy instruments- especially taxes- affect the competitive power of financial markets and the performance of banking and non- banking institutions in these markets. Thus, the quality of combination of financial markets and tax policies for economic growth ...
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In developing countries like Iran, fiscal policy instruments- especially taxes- affect the competitive power of financial markets and the performance of banking and non- banking institutions in these markets. Thus, the quality of combination of financial markets and tax policies for economic growth has raised many issues. On the one hand, theories state that any increase in taxes leads to a reduction in investment funds and has an opposite impact on financial markets. On the other hand, they state that taxes reduce market fluctuations and prevent financial crises. This paper studies the impact of taxes on financial market in Iran during 1970 – 2011 by using Bounds test and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Results show that taxation has a positive effect on financial markets. This indicates that the role of taxation, according to improvements in state’s tax system in recent years, has become more prominent in the further development of financial markets.
zahra sadat raeisi gavgani; Teimour Mohammadi; farhad qhaffari; Abas Memar Nejhad
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of nonlinear effects of the fiscal policy. Specifically, the asymmetric effects of equal fiscal shocks (of government spending) on macroeconomic production variables are studied. In this regard, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of nonlinear effects of the fiscal policy. Specifically, the asymmetric effects of equal fiscal shocks (of government spending) on macroeconomic production variables are studied. In this regard, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model consistent with the conditions of the Iranian economy during the period 1369 – 1393 is used. We present theoretical foundations of the asymmetric effects of fiscal shocks on macroeconomic variables, then we refer to two strands of studies; the first one emphasizes nonlinearity in the effect of fiscal policy, and argues that nonlinear effects are associated with large and persistent fiscal impetus for industrial and developing countries. The second strand of studies emphasizes expectations about fiscal adjustment for debt sustainability during large fiscal adjustments rather than in normal times. The results show that the positive and negative impacts of government expenditures have asymmetric effects on macroeconomic variables. The effect of negative shock of government spending on consumption, investment and production of the private sector as well as total production is stronger, more stable, and larger. On the other hand the effect of positive government spending shock on these variables is smaller having more temporary impact.
Mohammad Nabi Shahiki Tash; Ali Norouzi
Volume 19, Issue 58 , April 2014, , Pages 39-76
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to estimate and analyze market power and degree of concentration in Iran's Manufacturing industries. The paper employs Inter-industry Variability function of profit margin approach and U-Davies in order to evaluate degree of industrial concentration. The finding indicates ...
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The objective of this paper is to estimate and analyze market power and degree of concentration in Iran's Manufacturing industries. The paper employs Inter-industry Variability function of profit margin approach and U-Davies in order to evaluate degree of industrial concentration. The finding indicates that elasticity of inequality distribution for market share in the industries is less than 0.5 and therefore it is understood that the market share of the industry is almost sensitive relative to the new entry firms. The results also demonstrate that the average value of the U-Davies concentration index for the manufacturing industries is 0.038, so that the manufacturing of tobacco products with 0.616 and manufacturing of plastic products along with manufacturing of other non-metallic mineral products have had the highest and lowest levels of concentration index respectively.
Mohamad Nabi Shahiki Tash; Farhad Khodad Kashi; Ali Norouzi
Volume 19, Issue 59 , July 2014, , Pages 39-71
Abstract
In this study the market structure of industrial sector has been evaluated based on the index of economies of scale, Herfindahl – Hirschman concentration index, and Lerner concentration index. Also, the relationship among profitability index and indexes of concentration ratio and economies of scale ...
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In this study the market structure of industrial sector has been evaluated based on the index of economies of scale, Herfindahl – Hirschman concentration index, and Lerner concentration index. Also, the relationship among profitability index and indexes of concentration ratio and economies of scale has been examined. Data used include the information of input and output of the components of cost function, market share of industries, number of firms, and the output price related to 23 industries of ISIC 2-digit code for the period 1996-2009. The result of evaluation of concentration ratio based on the Lerner and Herfindahl indexes indicates that the concentration level has declined during the period under study, while the industry sector has been away from competitive situation. In addition, the elasticity of cost with respect to output is less than unit for all of the industries implying the existence of economies of scale for 23 industries. The most important finding of this study is that the profitability index of industry sector is less than 50% and equal to 38% and the Lerner index and economies of scale are able to explain 52% of variations in profitability index of whole industry. Also, the Lerner index has relative superiority in the explanation of profitability index compared with Herfindahl – Hirschman concentration index.
Nematollah Akabari
Volume 7, Issue 23 , July 2005, , Pages 39-68
Abstract
A large number of regional studies are now using data empirically on different dimensions of location (contiguity, distance), which are particularly concerned with the concept of "space". This concept explains basically the interaction between human being and environment. It is, therefore, important ...
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A large number of regional studies are now using data empirically on different dimensions of location (contiguity, distance), which are particularly concerned with the concept of "space". This concept explains basically the interaction between human being and environment. It is, therefore, important to measure its effects on various socio-economic and regional indicators such as growth and local employment. Failure to consider the concept of "space" in the relevant empirical studies can generate biased results in estimation and prediction.
The objective of the present paper is first to study the conceptual issues and different views of "space", and then to explore its impact on data that have locational aspects. The paper will particularly focus on measuring spatial effects and different quantitative techniques used in spatial econometric models.
Jamshid Pazhooyan; Teymur Mohamadi
Volume 2, Issue 6 , October 2000, , Pages 39-62
Abstract
According to textbook arguments marginal cost pricing scores first on the effciency ground. However,if the monopolistic firm benefits from increasing returns to scale, the industry will not be financially viable. If this is the case, one option, which maximizes the welfare subject to a break-even constraint, ...
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According to textbook arguments marginal cost pricing scores first on the effciency ground. However,if the monopolistic firm benefits from increasing returns to scale, the industry will not be financially viable. If this is the case, one option, which maximizes the welfare subject to a break-even constraint, is Ramsey Pricing. In this study this method of pricing is applied to the Iranian Electricity Industry.The prices are offered for different types of usage (residential, agricultural, public and commercial). The present study applies the direct price elasticity of demand for each usage as well as the marginal cost of producing, transmitting and distributing electricity.These prices are cpmputed by using a programme in MATLAB environment for peak and off-peak periods. Finally, the resulting welfare changes arising from applying Ramsey Pricing as an alternative model are estimated, and proven to be positive on balance.
Gholamreza Keshavarz Haddad
Volume 6, Issue 18 , April 2004, , Pages 39-56
Abstract
Creating job opportunities for job seekers, who experience a growth of more than half a million per year, has become a crucial problem for Iranian policy makers. Estimations depict that on average the growth rate of labor will amount to 3.3 percent during 1381-1385. Also, continuation of current ...
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Creating job opportunities for job seekers, who experience a growth of more than half a million per year, has become a crucial problem for Iranian policy makers. Estimations depict that on average the growth rate of labor will amount to 3.3 percent during 1381-1385. Also, continuation of current economic situations will result in a 21 percent unemployment rate. The purpose of this paper is to identify those economic sectors whose potentials in job creation are higher than others. Our analytical framework is Input-Output technique which consists of backward linkage and employment creation elasticity. Furthermore, the cost of creating a full-time job in terms of final demand is calculated. According to backward linkage, findings indicate that Social and Religious Services, Agriculture, Business, Education Services sectors are ranked top and of the lowest cost job creation, respectively. The highest cost of creating a full-time job belongs to the R&D sector with the amount of 184.8 million Rials, and the lowest to the Social Services with the amount of 9.14 million Rials.
Hossein Raghfar; MirHossein Mousavi; Batool Azari Beni
Volume 18, Issue 56 , October 2013, , Pages 41-71
Abstract
Education is considered as a significant determinant of earnings inequality; however, there are sensible differences in the educational attainment for individuals. This paper examines absolute mobility between groups of educational levels and the persistency of inequality of opportunities in ...
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Education is considered as a significant determinant of earnings inequality; however, there are sensible differences in the educational attainment for individuals. This paper examines absolute mobility between groups of educational levels and the persistency of inequality of opportunities in the economy of Iran. For this purpose, Households’ Survey Data over 1988 to 2011 are used to organize pseudo-panel data and to estimate nonlinear dynamics of population in Iran. Our results reveal that the inequality opportunity between generations with higher education is less than that of between generations with lower education.Also inequality is decreasing over time, but its speed is very low.
