Saeed Rasekhi; Saman Ghaderi
Volume 16, Issue 48 , October 2011, , Pages 87-108
Abstract
Recent literature of intra-industry trade has paid attention to the relationship between intra-industry trade and adjustment costs. Adjustment costs include the losses due to temporary unemployment in the labor market, which arise from wage rigidity, the research costs, re-location and re-training of ...
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Recent literature of intra-industry trade has paid attention to the relationship between intra-industry trade and adjustment costs. Adjustment costs include the losses due to temporary unemployment in the labor market, which arise from wage rigidity, the research costs, re-location and re-training of labor. Based on smooth adjustment hypothesis, intra-industry trade has a lower adjustment cost than inter-industry one. The present study has examined the smooth adjustment hypothesis for Iranian manufacturing industries at the 4-digit level of ISIC classification by using panel data during time period 2002-2006. For this, intra industry trade has been divided into its types (vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade) and then the hypothesis which is horizontal intra industry trade has lower adjustment cost than vertical one has been tested. Based on the results, the smooth adjustment hypothesis is not verified for Iran while employing total intra industry trade. But by distinguishing intra-industry trade to its types, the hypothesis is confirmed for horizontal intra industry trade. Also, the hypothesis which asserts that horizontal intra industry trade has low adjustment costs compared to the vertical one is verified. Based on the findings, it is suggested to pay more attention to intra-industry trade especially the horizontal one in promoting the foreign trade.
Hamidreza Baradaran Shoraka
Volume 1, Issue 3 , February 1998, , Pages 87-124
Ali Asghar Banouei,; Fatemeh Bazzazan
Volume 8, Issue 27 , July 2006, , Pages 89-114
Abstract
In this article, we observe that three main spatial factors play pivotal role in construction of regional input-output table (RIOT): openness of regional economy relative to national economy, size of region and size of supply and demand sectors in region relative to national economy, and finally, the ...
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In this article, we observe that three main spatial factors play pivotal role in construction of regional input-output table (RIOT): openness of regional economy relative to national economy, size of region and size of supply and demand sectors in region relative to national economy, and finally, the relative degrees of self-sufficiency in different regions. The main focus of this article is to quantitatively analyze the following main question: "To what extent such spatial factors in construction of RIOTs in Iran have been adhered?" For this purpose simple average expenditure, output multiplier and import multiplier of nine provinces have been estimated and then compared with the corresponding national level. The overall results show that the spatial dimensions for most of the provinces have been neglected.
Morteza Ezzati
Volume 6, Issue 18 , April 2004, , Pages 89-110
Abstract
The empirical methods have special position in methodology of economics. One of the important problems in Islamic economic methodology is the possibility of finding a typical example for empirical analysis in Islamic economic system. The paper attempts to analyze whether the economic systems in Moslem ...
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The empirical methods have special position in methodology of economics. One of the important problems in Islamic economic methodology is the possibility of finding a typical example for empirical analysis in Islamic economic system. The paper attempts to analyze whether the economic systems in Moslem communities are relevent cases for studying the Islamic economic system. After reviewing the literature, and defining the concepts of Islamic system and economic system, we discuss the existing argument for existance or absence of these typical examples. Using the accepted concepts, the subject was analyzed rigorously. It is concluded that in the first 40 yaers of Islamic era, the Islamic economic system was dominant. However, in the other periods, there only existed some Islamic economic activities by governments which could be used as cases of Islamic economic system.
Hossein Raghfar; MirHossein Mousavi; Batool Azari Beni
Abstract
Education is one of the most determinants of consumer welfare. There are, however, many differences in educational achievements among individuals. The aim of this paper is to study the generational impact of education on urban households’ consumer welfare in Iran. To do this, we construct a pseudo-panel ...
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Education is one of the most determinants of consumer welfare. There are, however, many differences in educational achievements among individuals. The aim of this paper is to study the generational impact of education on urban households’ consumer welfare in Iran. To do this, we construct a pseudo-panel data set of individual households from the urban areas for the period 1369-1390. In this way, the performance of cohorts over time is observed. The results show that greater access to education is associated with more consumer welfare.
Habib Morovat; Ali Faridzad
Abstract
Exchange rate is one of the most important factors in open economies. So determining the factors which affect exchange rate behaviors is necessary. In this research we try to analyze the role of extrapolative expectations and chartists in the instability of exchange rate market. We use unofficial nominal ...
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Exchange rate is one of the most important factors in open economies. So determining the factors which affect exchange rate behaviors is necessary. In this research we try to analyze the role of extrapolative expectations and chartists in the instability of exchange rate market. We use unofficial nominal exchange rate data (Rial/Dollar) in weekly, monthly and quarterly horizons (from 1991 to 2015). We use fundamentalists- chartists approach and agent-based model (ABM) for simulation. The results show that when there is instability in market, the weight of chartists is much more than fundamentalists and vice versa. Also we show that chartists gain from this market so they don’t like to leave the market.
zahra dehghan shabani
Volume 18, Issue 55 , July 2013, , Pages 93-117
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of density of economic activity, defined as the intensity of labor and physical capital per square kilometer, on labor productivity in the Iranian provinces. . The density of economic activity has positive effects on labor productivity in several channels such ...
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This study investigates the effect of density of economic activity, defined as the intensity of labor and physical capital per square kilometer, on labor productivity in the Iranian provinces. . The density of economic activity has positive effects on labor productivity in several channels such as increasing returns to scale, knowledge spillover, and specialization. Also, the density of economic activity has negative effects on labor productivity because of congestion and pollution.
The empirical results show that a higher density of economic activity has led to an increasing labor productivity in 28 provinces of Iran over the period 2001-2011. We find that doubling the density of economic activity on average increases labor productivity by around 63 percent.
Amir Khademalizadeh
Volume 18, Issue 54 , April 2013, , Pages 93-118
Abstract
New generation of growth models considers the effects of financial development on economic growth. The new financial literature takes a micro approach with emphasis on the external finance. In this research we examine the empirical relationship between capital market and economic growth, encompassing ...
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New generation of growth models considers the effects of financial development on economic growth. The new financial literature takes a micro approach with emphasis on the external finance. In this research we examine the empirical relationship between capital market and economic growth, encompassing 27 superior firms of Tehran Stock Exchange during 1380-1390, which may being considered as a financial investigation in Iran’s Capital Market at the firm level.
This paper is organized to examine the hypothesis that the external finance increases the sales and output growth rate of firms in Tehran Exchange, and therefore the aggregate economic growth. The results obtained in this paper through generalized method of moments (GMM) analysis indicate that financing both banks and capital market respectively, has increased sales and growth rate to 65.3 and 53.8 in our sample. Furthermore the sales growth rate of 27 firms that used external finance has a positive and significant relation with net sales ratio to fixed assets which indicate the positive role of capital market on economic growth in Iran. The Policy recommendation of this research is developing the capital market through definition and introduction of new financial instruments in order to absorb liquidity for efficient firms in Iran’s Capital Market.
Reza Talebloo; Teimour Mohammadi; Hamid Rezapour
Volume 20, Issue 65 , February 2016, , Pages 93-128
Abstract
The association between money and prices has long been debated in various economic schools. Although there are different views, most economists agree that in the long run, inflation is a monetary phenomenon and its main cause is liquidity growth. Several models have been designed in order to clarify ...
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The association between money and prices has long been debated in various economic schools. Although there are different views, most economists agree that in the long run, inflation is a monetary phenomenon and its main cause is liquidity growth. Several models have been designed in order to clarify the monetary aspect of inflation, how to forecast it and the awareness of how it moves in the economy. One of the models that have been considered recently is the P-Star model which draws on the quantity theory of money. The framework of P-Star model is based on the fact that inflation in long run is a monetary phenomenon and the price level moves proportional to the money supply in the economy. In this research by using seasonal data of Iran, two different alternatives of P-Star model have been tested by considering liquidity gap, velocity gap and output gap. In order to estimate the liquidity gap, ARDL Approach has been used to estimate the demand for liquidity. For velocity of money gap, Hodrick-Prescott filter was Applied and by using state-space models and the Kalman filter, output gap was estimated. The results indicate that the P-Star model with liquidity gap and velocity and output gap have satisfactory explanatory power of inflation. According to the outcomes of static and dynamic forecasts, the P-Star model with liquidity gap has higher predictive power of inflation.
Ali Faridzad
Abstract
The law of Targeted Subsidies on energy carriers has been implemented for seven years. There are still many uncertainties about the effectiveness of this law, which has raised many questions for energy economists. One of the main questions in this regard is the estimation of embodied energy subsidy for ...
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The law of Targeted Subsidies on energy carriers has been implemented for seven years. There are still many uncertainties about the effectiveness of this law, which has raised many questions for energy economists. One of the main questions in this regard is the estimation of embodied energy subsidy for net export of goods and services at the level of the economic sectors that has not been taken into consideration by Iranian researchers. To answer this fundamental question, we measure the net exports of embodied energy subsidy for goods and services with using the price-gap approach and applying Iranian Input-Output table for year 2011. In addition, for assuming the differences of embodied energy in unit of Iran’s imported and exported commodities, it is measured according to the ratio of the world average energy intensity to Iran’s energy intensity. The results of this study show that while some sectors of the economy such as basic metals are faced net exports of embodied energy, the net value of the embodied energy subsidy in the content of exporting goods and services is not consistent with the net export of embodied energy, and policy makers cannot employ pricing policies, such as increasing the price of energy carriers, to manage and control the implicit energy subsidy. Accordingly, the government has recommended adjusting the prices of energy carriers in line with international prices as well as improving technology by creating an efficient financing market.
Ali Saedvandi; Hossein Sadeghi; Zahra Keshavarzi
Volume 18, Issue 56 , October 2013, , Pages 95-122
Abstract
Although depreciation is a crucial factor in economic growth models, little effort has been made to estimate depreciation rates. In this study, we attempt to estimate integrated fuzzy indicators for depreciation rates in 21 comparable developing countries. In the framework of fuzzy logic, first, we combine ...
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Although depreciation is a crucial factor in economic growth models, little effort has been made to estimate depreciation rates. In this study, we attempt to estimate integrated fuzzy indicators for depreciation rates in 21 comparable developing countries. In the framework of fuzzy logic, first, we combine ten related variables to obtain four depreciation indicators, namely human, social, physical, and natural capital. Then the four indicators are combined to obtain an overall depreciation rate. The results indicate that remarkable gap exists among developing countries. The overall depreciation rates are at the highest level in the CIS countries (circa 0/7) and at the lowest level in some of the developing European nations (circa 0/4). Due to lack of information, the exact estimation of a combined depreciation indicator seems impossible for Iran; nevertheless, we estimate a minimum boundary for this country, which indicates the dismal situation of capital preservation in Iran.
Ali Asghar Banouei
Volume 7, Issue 23 , July 2005, , Pages 95-117
Abstract
The main focus of this article is to estimate production and household income multipliers for seven sectors of the economy using the four Iranian Social Accounting Matrices(1970, 1973, 1996 and 2000).
The results show that the impact of policies of sectoral expansions generate household ...
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The main focus of this article is to estimate production and household income multipliers for seven sectors of the economy using the four Iranian Social Accounting Matrices(1970, 1973, 1996 and 2000).
The results show that the impact of policies of sectoral expansions generate household income inequalities and is expected to continue in the future. However, it is observed that agriculture and agro-based industries do have positive impact on the development of the economy, but fail to guarantee the urban-rural household income equalities which seems to be an unavoidable phenomenon for the Iranian economy. The results are based on current prices and therefore, the estimation of social accounting matrices in constant prices would better portray the structure of the economy.
Jamshid Pazhoyan; Marjan Faghih nasiri
Volume 13, Issue 38 , April 2009, , Pages 97-132
Abstract
The economic growth rate is an important issue which concerns most of the economic intellectuals, because the economic Growth rate is one of the most important factors which have effect on the human Social welfare. But in spite of the importance of economic growth rate, determining different factors ...
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The economic growth rate is an important issue which concerns most of the economic intellectuals, because the economic Growth rate is one of the most important factors which have effect on the human Social welfare. But in spite of the importance of economic growth rate, determining different factors affecting on growth of a country still are mysterious and to some extent controversial. trade strategy, among the others, is one of the most important explanatory variables of growth. One the other hand, the effect of trade on growth is considered as one of the most important topics in growth and trade literature. From an economic point of view, The most important opinions of advantage is documented and during the evolution of advantage-based theories, The Theory of Competitive advantage and competitiveness, had introduced , Since the and of The Year 1990. We decided to examine the impact of competitiveness on economic growth. To provide a composite measure of competitiveness, caring the sources of competitiveness, we focused on the effectiveness of above mentioned measures on different elements of production function. So, we introduced three indices of labor force, capital and technology competitiveness, then we calculated these measures for 57 countries during the period of 1995-2003 and countries in to four groups based on income levels according to the world bank classification. Finally, the estimation of model would have done (by considering above measures). Three functional forms of the production function were suggested regarding the different forms of technology (labor-augmenting technological progress, capital- augmenting technological progress and Hicks-Neutral form). Then using a panel data regression model, the strong and positive relationship, had been confirmed.
.
Mohammad Reza Ghadimi; Saeed Moshiri
Volume 4, Issue 12 , October 2002, , Pages 97-125
Abstract
Artificial neural networks(ANN) are flexible models used for data analyzing and Modeling non-linear relations.Most economic applications of the ANN models have been in financial markets. Only recently there have been same macroeconomic applications of ANN models. In this paper, we set up an ANN model ...
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Artificial neural networks(ANN) are flexible models used for data analyzing and Modeling non-linear relations.Most economic applications of the ANN models have been in financial markets. Only recently there have been same macroeconomic applications of ANN models. In this paper, we set up an ANN model to forecast Iranian Economic growth using a long data from 1315 to 1375. We used different inputs based on Economic growth models and time series forecasting models in the ANN model. The forecasting results are then compared with those of the economic and time series models. The results show that in most of the cases, the ANN model outperform other traditional forecasting models.
Majid Aghaei; Mahdieh Rezaghoizadeh
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of consumption of different kinds of energy carriers in Iran, which caused poverty and inequality in the process of economic, social and cultural development of countries. For this purpose, we use annual data from 1984 to 2010 through a simultaneous ...
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The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of consumption of different kinds of energy carriers in Iran, which caused poverty and inequality in the process of economic, social and cultural development of countries. For this purpose, we use annual data from 1984 to 2010 through a simultaneous equations model using Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) and Three-Stage Least Square (3SLS) estimators. The results indicate that the effect of various energy carriers on inequality is different. Gasoline consumption leads to inequality enhancement but natural gas and electricity consumption lead to inequality reduction. Fuel oil, kerosene and gasoil have the different effects on inequality due to different indexes of inequality. On the other hand, energy carrier consumption leads to poverty reduction and natural gas and electricity are more effective to reduce poverty. Thus, the direct effect of energy consumption on poverty is confirmed. Totally, the results indicate that the indirect effect of all energy carriers on poverty trough inequality reduction is not confirmed, though all energy carriers on economic growth has a positive effect, and the indirect effect of economic growth on poverty reduction is confirmed.
Amir Mansour Tehranchian; Masoomeh Noroozi Beairami
Volume 16, Issue 49 , February 2012, , Pages 99-115
Abstract
This article attempts to univestigate the phenomon of currency substitution in Iranian economy, using the ARDL model. For this purpose both long-run and short-run demand functions were estimated using the statistical data for 1974-2009 period. According to our findings, currency substitution both in ...
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This article attempts to univestigate the phenomon of currency substitution in Iranian economy, using the ARDL model. For this purpose both long-run and short-run demand functions were estimated using the statistical data for 1974-2009 period. According to our findings, currency substitution both in long-run and short-run were confirmed with long-run substitution having a more powerful effect than long-run substitution. Also, it is indicated that the direct effect of income and the indirect effects of real interest rate and inflation on demand for money in the long-run were greater than in those in the short-run. The ECM estimated from the real demand function for money was -0.24 which expresses a rather slow process of currency adjustment in Iran.
Hassan Heidari; Roghayyeh Alinezhad; Rana Asghari
Volume 19, Issue 60 , October 2014, , Pages 101-132
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of rule of law on inflation rate for the 16 selected MENA countries over the period of 1996-2012. The relationship between variables has been estimated by applying Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model and using Non-linear Least Squares (NLS) method of estimation. ...
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This study investigates the effect of rule of law on inflation rate for the 16 selected MENA countries over the period of 1996-2012. The relationship between variables has been estimated by applying Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model and using Non-linear Least Squares (NLS) method of estimation. Our results reject the linearity hypothesis, and indicate existence of one continuous transition function with two regimes that gives a threshold at rule of law index of -0.525. Moreover, the results show that the rule of law index, openness index and GDP per capita have negative impact on inflation rate in two regimes that the intensity of the negative impact of these variables increases in the second regime. On the other hand, government consumption expenditure and liquidity have a positive impact on inflation rate in two regimes; the intensity of their positive impact reduces in the second regime. Therefore, the actions such as creating innovative mechanisms for dispute resolution, stabilization in government's plans and objectives and no chain changes in policies enhance the rule of law levels and decrease the inflation rate in this group of countries.
Teimour Mohammadi; Ali Asghar Salem; Fatemeh Mir Mohammad Ali Tajrishi
Abstract
Equivalence scale is an important concept in household welfare debates wich plays an important role in the measurement of poverty and inequality. Equivalence scale is an index that converts household's expenditures into comparable values. In this research, equivalence scale in terms of the relative cost ...
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Equivalence scale is an important concept in household welfare debates wich plays an important role in the measurement of poverty and inequality. Equivalence scale is an index that converts household's expenditures into comparable values. In this research, equivalence scale in terms of the relative cost of a child was estimated using Price scaling with a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. The estimation method is nonlinear seemingly unrelated regressions and the estimation period is 2008-2012. Results indicate that one child costs about 15 percent of an adult in rural households and the quadratic expenditure effects is highly significant. It is concluded that the general equivalence scale, varies with price. Household's equivalence scales with different demographic characteristics is used to calculate equivalent income in this period in order to compare welfare, poverty and income inequality across rural households.
Hamid Abrishami; Ali Moeini; Mahdi Ahrari
Volume 4, Issue 10 , April 2002, , Pages 105-123
Abstract
In recent years, the theories of nonlinear systems in general and chaotic systems in particular have received a great deal of attention in the economic research.Based on the assumption that at least part of the underling process is nonlinear, chaos analysis evaluates whether that process in deterministic.In ...
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In recent years, the theories of nonlinear systems in general and chaotic systems in particular have received a great deal of attention in the economic research.Based on the assumption that at least part of the underling process is nonlinear, chaos analysis evaluates whether that process in deterministic.In this research, first by applying Correlation Dimension (CD) and Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE), the evidence of chaos in oil future prices (1996-99) appeared to be true. Then the logestic map is explained and finally the Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) estimate of the first sectiona is compared with the calculated LLE under the logistic function.
javad taherpoor; Farzaneh Sanadian
Abstract
The strategy of using oil income to achieve economic growth and development in rentier economies can have devastating effects on the scientific field in the long-run. Pursuing the strategy of “injecting oil income” ultimately sends signals to players in the scientific field which encourages ...
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The strategy of using oil income to achieve economic growth and development in rentier economies can have devastating effects on the scientific field in the long-run. Pursuing the strategy of “injecting oil income” ultimately sends signals to players in the scientific field which encourages them to follow the path of “expanding low-quality education”. Based on the analytical framework presented in this study, domination of a rentier environment in an economy leads to establishment of a rent-seeking incentive structure. In this situation, on the one hand, the priorities of firms in production sector are changed and reaching some parts of benefits in oil sector of the economy becomes the basis of profit-maximizing of firms and these firms find themselves not dependent on science and knowledge. On the other hand, based on oil income, government finds itself needless of science and knowledge to promote its own financial and managerial capacities. In addition, the government uses the injection of oil income to achieve scientific development, which application of this method makes education system needless of financing through other sectors of the economy. The set of these consequences at last leads the education system towards the path of prioritizing quantity and disregarding quality in its activities. Available data regarding the quantity and quality of efforts in Iranian education system, including number of patents and innovations, number of academic articles and the sources of financing in education system verifies the theoretical framework presented in this paper.
Ali Raoofi; Teimour Mohammadi
Abstract
In this paper, a framework for time series prediction is presented which makes it possible to predict the future values of a time series more accurately using soft computing approach. In this method, input data of adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems are reduced using wavelet decomposition of random ...
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In this paper, a framework for time series prediction is presented which makes it possible to predict the future values of a time series more accurately using soft computing approach. In this method, input data of adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems are reduced using wavelet decomposition of random noises; therefore, it reduces errors and improves the desired chaotic time series prediction. The above method was evaluated using Tehran Stock Exchange return series for the period of 23/10/2009 to 23/3/2013, and the results indicate the superiority of the proposed method compared to other ones.
Zahra Azizi; Mehdi Pedram; pegah Azizi
Abstract
In recent years, extensive studies have been done on how trade openness affects economic growth; however, a limited number of studies focus on the volatility of economic growth. A group of these studies have identified openness as a factor in achieving more stable economic growth, and also a group of ...
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In recent years, extensive studies have been done on how trade openness affects economic growth; however, a limited number of studies focus on the volatility of economic growth. A group of these studies have identified openness as a factor in achieving more stable economic growth, and also a group of researches have considered it as a factor in creating instability in the economy, therefore, the empirical studies have ambiguous. An important reason for this ambiguity, can be the structure of trade and exports of countries. The export concentration will lead to a disruption of a large part of the country's production and foreign revenues, when there is an export shock. Therefore, in this article, in addition to studying the effect of trade openness on economic growth volatility, the role of export diversification in this connection is examined. To this end, data from the 18 selected developing countries have been used during the years 1980- 2015 in two panel data models. The first model, regardless of the diversification of exports, estimates this relationship, and the second model, enters the export diversification by multiplying it by openness. The results of the research indicate that the greater degree of trade openness, due to the transfer of external shocks to the economy, increases economic growth instability, but the diversification of exports can help to reduce the volatility of economic growth caused by trade.
Shekoofe Nagheli; Majid Maddah; Esmaiel Abounoori
Abstract
As the driving force behind economic growth in the world markets, export is the most significant objective of foreign trade policy. One of the requirements for expanding foreign trade is to examine modern models of international trade to identify the economic and political issues affecting the countries’ ...
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As the driving force behind economic growth in the world markets, export is the most significant objective of foreign trade policy. One of the requirements for expanding foreign trade is to examine modern models of international trade to identify the economic and political issues affecting the countries’ trade. For boosting economic growth, the majority of countries seek to expand trade with other countries, producing goods and commodities based on relative advantages. Various factors may affect the values of Iran’s exports to other countries, among which the leading institutional indicators, which are capable of providing suitable conditions for expanding the export markets of Iran, seem to be highly significant. In the present paper, the effect of political institutions on Iran's exports to West Asian countries during the period 2000-2015 is investigated and empirically analyzed by mixed regressive-spatial autoregressive model. The research employs a regression model with panel data based on different commodity groups in the six-digit codes of Iranian trade with West Asian countries. As the research findings show, the governance index, representing the political institutions, has positive and significant effects on exports and significantly affects Iran's exports.
Banking
Mohammad Javad Nourahmadi; Amir Khademalizadeh; Mohammad Bagher Shirmehenji
Abstract
Studies conducted on the relationship between central bank independence and inflation show heterogeneity in the results. Some of these studies have concluded a negative relationship, while others have concluded a positive or insignificant relationship between central bank independence and inflation. ...
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Studies conducted on the relationship between central bank independence and inflation show heterogeneity in the results. Some of these studies have concluded a negative relationship, while others have concluded a positive or insignificant relationship between central bank independence and inflation. The purpose of this study is to conduct a multilevel meta-analysis to examine the effect of central bank independence on inflation. For this purpose, all full-text articles that examined the relationship between central bank independence and inflation were reviewed. After reviewing the content and results, 58 studies were selected to enter the meta-analysis based on the meta-analysis protocol. Data from 58 selected studies included 619 regressions and 913 coefficients that were extracted and coded. In the first level of meta-analysis, the regression coefficients of each study were combined and the effect size of each study was calculated. In the second level of meta-analysis, to calculate the total effect size, the effect size of 58 studies was determined according to the weight of each study. The result of the combination and conclusion of individual studies shows that the independence of the central bank has a small negative and significant effect on inflation. The results also showed that the type of index used to calculate the degree of central bank independence affects the relationship under meta-analysis. In addition, the negative effect of central bank independence on inflation is greater in developed countries than in other countries.
Hassan Kalbasi; Abdolmajid Jalaii
Volume 4, Issue 11 , July 2002, , Pages 115-137
Abstract
This paper, proposes the concept of globalization in different ways. One of the proposed expressions is that: "globalization consists of integration of national economies through trade and expansion of liberal markets models". The paper also investigates the effects of globalization on different sectors ...
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This paper, proposes the concept of globalization in different ways. One of the proposed expressions is that: "globalization consists of integration of national economies through trade and expansion of liberal markets models". The paper also investigates the effects of globalization on different sectors of exports and imports. To achieve this purpose, we globalization exports supply and imports demand functions by separating consumption, intermediate, and capital goods, and employing two measures: the Level of International Trade (LIT) and the International Trade Integration (LIT). In intermediate goods, construction sector has greater coefficient and mine and industry sector have lowest export sensitiveness on globalization of Iran's economy. The coefficient of globalization index for capital goods is almost equal to one and for consumption goods the lowest. In import functions, the greatest coefficient of intermediate and capital goods is related to the mine and industry sectors. On the other hand, agricultural sector has the lowest globalization index, and capital goods have a great sensitiveness. Results indicate that, in capital and intermediate goods, both agricultural and construction sectors have sufficient potential to enter the world market. The gain can be made from the globalization by targeting and market oriented protection of the products in these sectors. However, consumption goods obtain the greatest loss from the globalization.
