The Interaction Effect of Democracy and Bureaucracy on Corruption in Iran: A Time-Frequency Analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran

2 .

10.22054/ijer.2026.87913.1395
Abstract
Abstract: The relationship between democracy, bureaucracy, and corruption is a topic that has garnered significant attention in academic and policy-making circles. There are various perspectives on how these three concepts interact, and the inherent complexities often render simple, static analyses inadequate. This research investigates the dynamic relationship between democracy, bureaucracy, and corruption using time-frequency analysis based on the wavelet analysis method over the period from 1984 to 2022. The findings indicate that in the short-term horizon, the causal effect of democracy and bureaucracy on corruption is highly dynamic, with the direction of causality and the type of relationship changing over time. In the medium-term, although the negative causal impact of democracy and bureaucracy on corruption is the dominant phenomenon, there are also periods where corruption has a causal and positive impact on democracy and bureaucracy, suggesting a potential two-way relationship in this range. In the long-term, the relationship between democracy and bureaucracy with corruption is characterized by strong and positive coherence. Finally, this study emphasizes the multifaceted and time-dependent nature of the relationship between democracy, bureaucracy, and corruption. Understanding these dynamics is essential for designing effective anti-corruption strategies that account for both short-term variations and long-term trends. The results of this study suggest the necessity of strengthening democratic institutions, creating efficient and transparent bureaucracies, and addressing fundamental factors such as political will to solve the problem, elite dominance to achieve sustainable progress, and combating corruption through focused transparency.

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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 13 September 2026

  • Receive Date 31 August 2025
  • Revise Date 25 July 2026
  • Accept Date 11 February 2026
  • First Publish Date 13 September 2026