Employment
Shima Namazi Zavareh; Farshad Momeni; Ali Asghar Salem
Abstract
In order to face the challenge of youth poverty, the main focus should be on facilitating the access of the NEET population to quality education and decent job opportunities. Considering that this group of people is a potential threat to the country's achievement of one of the most important goals of ...
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In order to face the challenge of youth poverty, the main focus should be on facilitating the access of the NEET population to quality education and decent job opportunities. Considering that this group of people is a potential threat to the country's achievement of one of the most important goals of sustainable development, i.e. ending poverty through decent work and economic growth, and they turn the young population into a challenge and not an opportunity in the economy, Examining the impact they have on poverty and the impact they receive from poverty is very important. In this regard, the aim of this article is to investigate the simultaneous relationship between household poverty and population phenomenon in the urban and rural society of Iran in 1401. For this purpose, using the detailed data of urban and rural households' expenditure and income plan, the poverty line was first calculated based on the multidimensional poverty approach and poor households were identified. Then, the households that have demographic phenomena were also identified. The results of the estimation of the research model using the two-stage least squares method (2SLS) showed that in urban areas, population phenomenon and poverty both have a positive and significant effect on each other. Unlike in urban areas, the results of the estimation of the research model in rural areas indicated that the population phenomenon does not have a significant effect on household poverty, but on the other hand, household poverty has a positive and significant effect on it.
Employment
Shima Namazi Zavareh; Farshad Momeni; Ali Asghar Salem
Abstract
A major reason for pushing people towards informal jobs is the motivation of necessity. In fact, informal employment is a kind of survival strategy for those who have no other way to earn money and support themselves and their families except by working in these types of low-paid jobs. At the level of ...
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A major reason for pushing people towards informal jobs is the motivation of necessity. In fact, informal employment is a kind of survival strategy for those who have no other way to earn money and support themselves and their families except by working in these types of low-paid jobs. At the level of development, the continuation of this trend affects the economic competitiveness and the quality of life of the citizens, and the foundation of national production and technological and innovative production faces serious limitations. the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of household poverty along with other socio-economic factors on informal employment in urban areas of Iran in 2019. For this purpose, by using the detailed data of the expenditure and income plan of urban households, first, the poverty line was calculated based on the absolute poverty approach for urban areas and poor households were identified. Then according to the index presented in this research, the type of employment of households was determined in terms of formal and informal. The results of estimating the research model using the two-stage Heckman Probit method indicate that household poverty leads to a significant increase in informal employment, so that with an increase in poverty, the probability of being informally employed increases by 0.57. The strategic message of this study is that the problem of poverty and informal employment in Iran can be overcome only by upgrading the technological production base and creating value-creating capabilities based on increasing productivity.
Sara Montazeri; Alireza Jorjorzadeh; Mehdi Basirat
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the effects of inequality, poverty and environmental pollution on health index in developing as well as developed countries. To reach this goal, data has been used for 23 developed and 94 developing countries. The maximum time period covered by this study was from 1990 ...
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The aim of this paper is to study the effects of inequality, poverty and environmental pollution on health index in developing as well as developed countries. To reach this goal, data has been used for 23 developed and 94 developing countries. The maximum time period covered by this study was from 1990 to 2015 in which unbalanced panel data has been used. To select the appropriate model to estimate the final model, panel stationarity test and Hausman test has been done. The result of tests suggest that fixed effects model for estimating health regression for developing countries is an appropriate one which shows that poverty and different indicators of pollution as well as income inequality have negative effect on health index (child mortality rate) and education index has a positive effect on the health in this countries .The results also show that in developed countries environmental pollution indices , income inequality index and urbanization rate have a negative and significant effect on health index and per capita health expenditure has a positive effect on the health of people in this countries.
Majid Aghaei; Mahdieh Rezaghoizadeh
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of consumption of different kinds of energy carriers in Iran, which caused poverty and inequality in the process of economic, social and cultural development of countries. For this purpose, we use annual data from 1984 to 2010 through a simultaneous ...
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The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of consumption of different kinds of energy carriers in Iran, which caused poverty and inequality in the process of economic, social and cultural development of countries. For this purpose, we use annual data from 1984 to 2010 through a simultaneous equations model using Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) and Three-Stage Least Square (3SLS) estimators. The results indicate that the effect of various energy carriers on inequality is different. Gasoline consumption leads to inequality enhancement but natural gas and electricity consumption lead to inequality reduction. Fuel oil, kerosene and gasoil have the different effects on inequality due to different indexes of inequality. On the other hand, energy carrier consumption leads to poverty reduction and natural gas and electricity are more effective to reduce poverty. Thus, the direct effect of energy consumption on poverty is confirmed. Totally, the results indicate that the indirect effect of all energy carriers on poverty trough inequality reduction is not confirmed, though all energy carriers on economic growth has a positive effect, and the indirect effect of economic growth on poverty reduction is confirmed.
Esmaiel Abounoori; Reza Abbasi Ghadi
Volume 9, Issue 30 , April 2007, , Pages 23-52
Abstract
Economic growth in addition to the direct income effect on poverty has an indirect distribution effect. The main purpose of this research is to estimate the net economic growth effect on poverty in Iran during the periods 1982-1988, the first socio-economic development plan (1989-1993), the second plan ...
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Economic growth in addition to the direct income effect on poverty has an indirect distribution effect. The main purpose of this research is to estimate the net economic growth effect on poverty in Iran during the periods 1982-1988, the first socio-economic development plan (1989-1993), the second plan (1995-1999), and a part of the third plan (2000-2001). The results indicate that poverty increased during 1982-1988. Decomposing poverty shows that the reduction in inequality alleviated the level of poverty due to the economic recession. This implies that the reduction in the share of the lower income groups were relatively smaller than that of the higher income groups. Although the poverty increased in this period,, the poor has suffered less relative to the rich. In general, throughout the economic plans era, growth has not been pro-poor, except in the third development plan; the increase in the share of higher income groups has always been relatively more than that of the lower income groups.
