Vahid Farzam; Fateme Taleghani; Robabeh Khilkordi
Abstract
The employment and access to job is one of the most basic needs of a community so that the increase in employment is seen as one of the indicators of development in societies. Given the importance of the issue, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exchange rate overshooting on employment ...
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The employment and access to job is one of the most basic needs of a community so that the increase in employment is seen as one of the indicators of development in societies. Given the importance of the issue, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exchange rate overshooting on employment in agriculture, industry and service sectors in Iran during 1973- 2011 using the seemingly unrelated regression and vector error correction model. The results of vector error correction model indicate that due to expansion in money supply exchange rate increases and divergence from equilibrium path occurs which finally leads to adjustment in the long run. Also, the results of seemingly unrelated regression model show that employment in industry and service sectors is respectively negatively and positively affected by exchange rate overshooting, yet the impact of this overshooting on employment in agriculture sector is not significant. In this regard, the demand of labor in the industry sector compared to service and agriculture sectors was the most sensitive to exchange rate overshooting. In addition, capital stock in industry and service sectors has a positive impact on employment in each sector.
Reza Akbarian; Abbas Mohtashami
Volume 8, Issue 29 , February 2007, , Pages 171-196
Abstract
This study examines the impact of economic liberalization on employment in the industrial sector in Iran. In our model, the labour demand function in industrial sector is considered to be a function of real value added, real wage rate, real user cost of capital, and globalization indices. The ratio of ...
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This study examines the impact of economic liberalization on employment in the industrial sector in Iran. In our model, the labour demand function in industrial sector is considered to be a function of real value added, real wage rate, real user cost of capital, and globalization indices. The ratio of exports to real value added, the ratio of imports to real value added, and the ratio of the sum of exports and imports to real value added are used as globalization or economic openness indices.
The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is used to estimate the labour demand function for the period 1971-2003. The results indicate that except for the real wage rate, other variables have a positive and significant relationship with employment in industrial sector for the period under the study in Iran.
Bijan Baseri; Esfandiar Jahangard
Volume 8, Issue 28 , October 2006, , Pages 61-85
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of technological changes on employment in the Iranian manufacturing industries. We estimate an empirical relationship between R&D spending as a proxy of technological change and skiledl and unskilled employment across the manufacturing industries. We use ...
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In this paper, we investigate the effects of technological changes on employment in the Iranian manufacturing industries. We estimate an empirical relationship between R&D spending as a proxy of technological change and skiledl and unskilled employment across the manufacturing industries. We use the survey data on the four-digit large manufacturing industries for the period 1995-2000. In order to control for the heterogeneity among different industry groups, we use the multilevel model estimation. Our findings show a positive correlation of various measures of technology with the skill structure suggesting that technology is, on average, biased towards skilled labor. In other words, technological progress is complimentary with skilled labor and has a weak relation to unskilled employment in various activities.
Hassan Sobhani; Hamid Azizmohammadloo
Volume 7, Issue 24 , October 2005, , Pages 1-31
Abstract
Investment is perceived as a major factor in job creation in almost all sectors of the economy and by the policymakers. In this paper, we investigate if investment has the same effect on the job creation in all the Iranian manufacturing sub-sectors using the data with two-digit ISIC codes.
...
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Investment is perceived as a major factor in job creation in almost all sectors of the economy and by the policymakers. In this paper, we investigate if investment has the same effect on the job creation in all the Iranian manufacturing sub-sectors using the data with two-digit ISIC codes.
Research findings reveal that the first to fifth strongest effects are among the “textile, wearing apparel and leather products", "wood and products of wood", "food, beverage and tobacco products", "machinery, equipment and metal instruments products", and "non- metallic mineral products", respectively. As for the "basic metal", "chemical products" and "paper, publishing and printing ", there is no significant statistical relationship between investment and employment.
Gholamreza Keshavarz Haddad
Volume 6, Issue 21 , February 2005, , Pages 115-133
Abstract
In this Paper financial services in the Iranian economy, which is portioned into 41 industries, is considered as a sector with a Leontief production function. Financial Sectors, buy inputs from other sectors, and provide services to expedite the cash fellows and risk transformation for other sectors. ...
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In this Paper financial services in the Iranian economy, which is portioned into 41 industries, is considered as a sector with a Leontief production function. Financial Sectors, buy inputs from other sectors, and provide services to expedite the cash fellows and risk transformation for other sectors. The former relations are called Backward Linkage and the later relations through which the sectors provide output to meet required cash fellow and risk reduction of economic activities are called Forward Linkage. In quantification of the linkages, employment and output elasticity, the forward index of value added, and backward linkage of final demand are used. Furthermore, direct and indirect effects of a hypothetical extraction of the sectors on output and employment are calculated. The results show that, although the linkages between financial sectors and the rest of the economic activities are not strong, their extraction will result in 225246.8 decrease in job opportunity, according to the 1370 input-output table produced by the Statistical Center of Iran.
Bizhan Safavi
Volume 6, Issue 19 , July 2004, , Pages 143-167
Abstract
This paper investigates the potential of industrial sector in generating indirect employment in its sub sectors. To determine the ability of Job creation, the demand for labor function in each sub sector is estimated, augmented by the demand for Labor growth matrix using the ISIC code. Then, the ...
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This paper investigates the potential of industrial sector in generating indirect employment in its sub sectors. To determine the ability of Job creation, the demand for labor function in each sub sector is estimated, augmented by the demand for Labor growth matrix using the ISIC code. Then, the long term relation between employment and capital stock is tested Using ARDL and Johansen Method. Finally, for ranking indirect employment generating potential, Input-Output accounting and semi social accounting frame work are used. Results show that clothing and leather, and textile sub sectors, with 13 and 12 employee respectively, have the largest employment coefficient, and therefore, the greatest employment generating potential. The direct employment coefficients for these sub sectors are the largest, showing the larger potentials to create employment.
Mehdi Razavi; Rassam Moshrefi
Volume 6, Issue 18 , April 2004, , Pages 1-37
Abstract
Unemployment of factors of production leads to lost opportunity costs, which undermines economic growth. On the other hand, labor employment, among other factors of production, can have significant economic, cultural, political as well as social impacts. During the first two decades after ...
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Unemployment of factors of production leads to lost opportunity costs, which undermines economic growth. On the other hand, labor employment, among other factors of production, can have significant economic, cultural, political as well as social impacts. During the first two decades after revolution, Iran experienced high population growth rate. Jobs were not created in proportion to increased population growth. As such, jobs were scarce, and high unemployment rate were conducive to bring about social and economic problems. To remedy these problems, policy makers are constantly seeking to understand and find practical solutions for unemployment in Iran. This article provides a dynamic analysis of labor employment behavior in Iran. In this context, a system methodology has been applied, and labor behavior in Iran is simulated. The final result of utilizing Okun’s law in Iran shows that any 2.5 percent increase in GDP, more than its potential growth rate, will lead to 2.8 percent decrease in unemployment rate.
Zahra Karimi Moghari
Volume 6, Issue 18 , April 2004, , Pages 57-88
Abstract
Afghan refugees are two fifths of total refugees all around the world, who are mainly living in Pakistan and Iran. Relentless wars, devastated economy and drought have not only discouraged the Afghan refugees from returning home, but also created new refugees during recent years. ...
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Afghan refugees are two fifths of total refugees all around the world, who are mainly living in Pakistan and Iran. Relentless wars, devastated economy and drought have not only discouraged the Afghan refugees from returning home, but also created new refugees during recent years. Less than 5 percent of all Afghan refugees in Iran live in refugee camps, and the rest are living in cities and villages among Iranian people, and provide their needs by working. Almost all Afghan labourers are working illegally in Iran and do not have work permission. They are unskilled and considered as cheap workers, accepting any low paying jobs. Which were formerly taken up by unskilled Iranian workers who migrated from rural areas. Because of the lack of reliable data, investigating about the exact effects of the presence of Afghan refugees in the Iranian labour market is not easy, but we can see the overall impacts on wages and unemployment rate. Afghan refugees have increased the supply of labour force in Iran for more than 2 decades. So wage increase for low skill workers has been very slow in Iran, specially in construction sector, where Afghan workers have a large share. For estimating the effects of Afghan immigrants on the unemployment rate, regression equations have been estimated. The results show that Afghan workers have been attracted to the prosperous provinces where unskilled workers were most wanted, such as Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan. As the workers can move around easily in the country, the presence of Afghan workers in certain provinces, has not caused higher unemployment rate neither in cities nor in villages of these provinces, but unemployment rate in the country has been raised. If Afghan immigrants leave Iran, unemployment rate will decrease and the wage rate for unskilled workers will rise considerably.
Nooraldin Sharify; Mohammad Alizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 13 , February 2003, , Pages 33-56
Abstract
Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix ...
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Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix (SAM). To this end, using the multipliers analysis of the social accounting matrix for the year 1994,we examined the effects of government current and development expenditures on products, value added and employment in different economic sectors of the region.
One of the advantages of this procedure is the possibility of studying the effects of government expenditures on macroeconomic variables in the region by disagregating them into several sectors. The results indicate that government expenditures on public services and machinary let to more economic activities in the region in comparison with. other sectors. In addition, current expenditures caused more value added in comparison with the government investment in infrastructure in the region.
