Welfare, poverty and income distribution
Fatemeh Bazzazan
Abstract
Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty ...
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Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.
Soheila Parvin; Maryam Mastali Parsa
Abstract
Cutting public subsidies like fuel subsidy or changing in payment method will have different impacts on each social group. Subsidy targeting is able to decrease consequences of this policy. Now, in a possible situation to classify the households according to their socio-specific characteristics like ...
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Cutting public subsidies like fuel subsidy or changing in payment method will have different impacts on each social group. Subsidy targeting is able to decrease consequences of this policy. Now, in a possible situation to classify the households according to their socio-specific characteristics like gender and head and identify the poverty groups, the government can provide subsidy for that specific group. Statistics show that female-headed households, due to the limitations and barriers to the labor market suffer from various aspects of poverty. Our main purpose in this article is, first of all, to classify the household groups into male and female heads within the social accounting matrices for the year 2009 and 2011. The results show that the average cost of living index of households decreases from 0.055 in 2009 to 0.048 in 2011. This means that by reducing the subsidy by one unit, households in 2011 compared to 2009 should pay 0.007 less for the same consumption basket. Also, the average of female-headed household cost of living index decreases from 0.070 in 2009 to 0.046 in 2011. More decrease of the mentioned index indicates more poverty for this group.
Yaghoub Andayesh; Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Zahra Karimi Takanlou; Mohammad Ali Motafakker Azad; Hossein Asgharpour
Abstract
Considering its biological situation, each country has a specific carrying capacities to absorb pollutants. Increased production, population, and direct and indirect fossil energy consumption have increased emissions such as carbon dioxide, resulting in destructive effects on the environment such as ...
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Considering its biological situation, each country has a specific carrying capacities to absorb pollutants. Increased production, population, and direct and indirect fossil energy consumption have increased emissions such as carbon dioxide, resulting in destructive effects on the environment such as imbalanced greenhouse gases, global warming, climate changes, and endangering of humans’ and other creatures’ lives. The extent and dimension of the mentioned effects can vary depending on the consumption modus and technique practiced by households and industries. Ecological carbon footprint is a criterion to measure the humans’ impact on carbon emissions. In an attempt to measure the carbon footprint of households, this research seeks to answer the following questions: How much is the carbon footprint of urban and rural household deciles? What deciles create higher carbon footprints? What is the share of households in the country’s total carbon footprint? How big is the carbon footprint per capita in each decile? For this purpose, the Social Accounting Matrix of the year 2011 is used. The empirical results indicate that in 2011, the total net direct and indirect carbon footprint in Iran was 517 million tons, in which the household consumption accounts for 64% and the remaining 36% belongs to the government’s final consumption, export and others. Moreover, carbon footprint of urban households is more than the rural ones and it is elevated in higher income deciles. Carbon footprint of the tenth urban decile is 11 times greater than the first one. For rural deciles, this ratio is 9. Furthermore, carbon footprint of the tenth urban decile is 4 times greater than that of the tenth rural one. An Iranian’s household carbon footprint per capita was found to be about 4429 kg in 2012. Carbon foot print per capita in the first urban decile, the tenth urban decile, first rural decile, and the tenth rural decile is 1,124, 17,134, 965 and 9,803 kg, respectively. The results indicate that people with higher incomes have a greater carbon footprint.
Ali Asghar Banouei
Volume 7, Issue 23 , July 2005, , Pages 95-117
Abstract
The main focus of this article is to estimate production and household income multipliers for seven sectors of the economy using the four Iranian Social Accounting Matrices(1970, 1973, 1996 and 2000).
The results show that the impact of policies of sectoral expansions generate household ...
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The main focus of this article is to estimate production and household income multipliers for seven sectors of the economy using the four Iranian Social Accounting Matrices(1970, 1973, 1996 and 2000).
The results show that the impact of policies of sectoral expansions generate household income inequalities and is expected to continue in the future. However, it is observed that agriculture and agro-based industries do have positive impact on the development of the economy, but fail to guarantee the urban-rural household income equalities which seems to be an unavoidable phenomenon for the Iranian economy. The results are based on current prices and therefore, the estimation of social accounting matrices in constant prices would better portray the structure of the economy.
Khosrow Piraee; Beitollah Akbary Moghaddam
Volume 7, Issue 22 , April 2005, , Pages 1-30
Abstract
This article exploits the conventional micro and macroeconomics relations such as production functions, costs and so on, in order to simulate Iran's economy in the form of a computable general equilibrium model. We use the Mixed Complementarity Problems (MCP) technique along with the GAMS software & ...
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This article exploits the conventional micro and macroeconomics relations such as production functions, costs and so on, in order to simulate Iran's economy in the form of a computable general equilibrium model. We use the Mixed Complementarity Problems (MCP) technique along with the GAMS software & its modeling process.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the consequences of both decreasing the agricultural sector (agricultural activities) subsidy, and the changes of the labour tax on the sectoral production and revenue of urban and rural households. This purpose we use the latest social accounting matrix (1375).
The results reveal that the reduction of agricultural sector subsidy will have a negative impact on the production of all other sectors. However, for agriculture sector the percentage of this negative impact is more significant than other sectors. Also its negative impact on the urban and rural revenue is considerable. The same situation is encountered for the changes in the labour tax. A rise of the laboure tax has negative impact on all other sectors but its reduction does not have any considerable positive impact on them.
Ali Asghar Banouei
Volume 5, Issue 14 , April 2003, , Pages 113-136
Abstract
The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and its related models were designed to circumvent many restrictions inherent in the National Accounting practices. The goal was quantitative and simultaneous analysis of economics and social problems facing many of developing countries. Iran was the first country to ...
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The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and its related models were designed to circumvent many restrictions inherent in the National Accounting practices. The goal was quantitative and simultaneous analysis of economics and social problems facing many of developing countries. Iran was the first country to adopt this accounting system. In the fifth plan of Iranian economy in 1973, the senior consultant from the International Labor Organization (ILO)proposed guideline for Iranian planners. The Iranian experience was carefully expanded to include other countries of the world by the same organization. The result of this experience in Iran was numerous books and articles that were published in internationally reputed journals.The debate that followed paved the way for development of a system of national account with a domestic flavor. Two of the main results of these intellectual challenges were the complete revision of the System of National Accounts of 1968 in which the importance of the role of meso level accounting, and the applications of Theory of General Equilibrium were recognized. While the Iranian experience had a tremendous effect at the international level, in Iran, it was forgotten by the academia for over two decades.The design of meso level accounting system in the form of social accounting matrix is the second experiment in Iran which is based on the experience of other countries and United Nation System of National Accounts (1993). The SAM for Iran is presented in three levels of aggregation: The Macro SAM, which has 10 rows and columns, The Meso SAM which has 33 rows and columns, and finally the Micro SAM which has 94 rows and columns. In this article the circular flow of Iranian economy for 1996 based on Meso SAM is presented.
Nooraldin Sharify; Mohammad Alizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 13 , February 2003, , Pages 33-56
Abstract
Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix ...
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Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix (SAM). To this end, using the multipliers analysis of the social accounting matrix for the year 1994,we examined the effects of government current and development expenditures on products, value added and employment in different economic sectors of the region.
One of the advantages of this procedure is the possibility of studying the effects of government expenditures on macroeconomic variables in the region by disagregating them into several sectors. The results indicate that government expenditures on public services and machinary let to more economic activities in the region in comparison with. other sectors. In addition, current expenditures caused more value added in comparison with the government investment in infrastructure in the region.
