Sareh Hosseini; Hamid Amirnejad; Jafar Oladi
Abstract
National park is one of the world's natural ecosystems and the most vital environment for sustainable development of the environment and the ecological phenomenon whose valuation of their functions and services is one of the most effective factors in their stability. In order to achieve this goal, ecological ...
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National park is one of the world's natural ecosystems and the most vital environment for sustainable development of the environment and the ecological phenomenon whose valuation of their functions and services is one of the most effective factors in their stability. In order to achieve this goal, ecological and socioeconomic functions and services of Kiasar national park in northern Iran which include two forest and rangeland ecosystems using direct market methods, benefits transfer, cost-based methods and the replacement cost has been valued. In this research, the economic value of forest and rangeland ecosystem of Kiasar national park in 1393 was determined to be 2132.59 and 61.47 billion Rials, respectively. Based on the results, the total economic value of the services and functions of Kiasar national park is 883.2 billion Rials and the economic value per hectare is estimated at 388.59 million Rials. Also, three functions, water conservation, natural gas regulation and habitat have the highest share and two land and social functions have the lowest share of the economic value of the Kiasar national park. These results suggest that the national park Kiasar in terms of ecology more than the economic and social aspects.
Zahra Nasrollahi; Mehran Zarei
Abstract
Water plays a significant role in sustainable development process of every region both as a natural resource and as a production input. Therefore, ignoring water resources limitation in investment priorities in dry regions as Yazd province may lead to non-optimal decisions, which are not in line with ...
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Water plays a significant role in sustainable development process of every region both as a natural resource and as a production input. Therefore, ignoring water resources limitation in investment priorities in dry regions as Yazd province may lead to non-optimal decisions, which are not in line with sustainable development goals. Hence, the aim of this paper is to prioritize the industrial activities in Yazd province with an approach to sustainable development and with an emphasis on importance of water resources. As a result, the current study has tried to cover various aspects of sustainable development. For this purpose, firstly input-output table for Yazd province was estimated using AFLQ method. Then, industrial sectors of Yazd province were prioritized by integration of input-output model and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), considering five criteria including water use, employment, inter-sectoral linkages, emission and value added. The results show that sector of "electrical equipment and office machinery" has a higher priority for investment than other sectors. Findings also show the importance of water use, so that ignorance of this criterion leads to significantly different prioritization results.
Ali Asghar Banouei; Behzad Almasi Koupaie; Azita Jahani; Mehri Ameri; Mahya Lali; Saeedeh Saadatmandi
Abstract
In the combined domain of economy and environment, the process of production of goods and services contain three intertwined cycles: primary cycle (natural resources), secondary cycle (intermediate and final goods and services) and the end cycle (overflows, wastes or waste disposal to the environment). ...
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In the combined domain of economy and environment, the process of production of goods and services contain three intertwined cycles: primary cycle (natural resources), secondary cycle (intermediate and final goods and services) and the end cycle (overflows, wastes or waste disposal to the environment). The Monetary Input - Output Table (MIOT) organizes only the visible production process of goods and services and data are in terms of price - quantity simultaneously. Prices in MIOT are ordinary, homogeneous and positive for an accounting period. The other two cycles are exogenous with zero prices. As they are outside of the accounting system, we call them invisible cycles. In order to remove this limitation, the Physical Input - Output Table (PIOT) has been designed by some of European countries at the end of 20th Century. This table considers simultaneously all the three cycles in the visible manner. The data are of physical in nature (in tons) without prices and mass unit instead of value unit is used. The design of the PIOT parallel to the MIOT is triggered by two major questions among the analysts in the 21th Century. Firstly, which one of the two tables can reveal the interworen physical nature of economic-environment and sustainable development? Secondly, analogous to the basic theory of MIOT, is it possible to model the PIOT? With respect to the questions posed, the existing literature in the past fifteen years are classified into three groups: The empirical evidences of the first group show that as compared to the MIOT, the PIOT has more potentiality in revealing the physical nature of the combined economic-environment in relation to the sustainable development. This finding is questioned by the second group. The third group has cast doubts to the pros and cons of the treatment of waste as input or output and suggest that the differences are not in the treatment of waste as an input or output. According to them, the root of the differences lies in the nature and the function of prices in both the MIOT and PIOT. The third group overshadows two points: One is that they have not identified the use of the different types of prices like; implicit, unit and homogeneous or implicit matrix prices in converting PIOT to MIOT. Second is that they have not discussed the issue of the balancing of the converted PIOT to MIOT. Based on the 1990 PIOT and MIOT of Germany, we demonstrate first of all that the double deflation method cannot convert the PIOT into MIOT and secondly, use of the implicit matrix price under the assumption of the zero price of waste can convert the PIOT into the MIOT.