Political economy
Abolfazl Shahmohammadi; Mohammad Ali Feizpour; Mehdi Hajamini; Mohammad Abedi Ardakani
Abstract
Many studies have evaluated political power from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. But the present study tries to provide a quantitative criterion for calculation of power. To do this, using the country’s budget law, the institutions that enjoys from national budget are identified and ...
Read More
Many studies have evaluated political power from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. But the present study tries to provide a quantitative criterion for calculation of power. To do this, using the country’s budget law, the institutions that enjoys from national budget are identified and then the officials who are at the head of those institutions from each province are identified. Then the importance coefficient of each official is calculated based on multiplication of two indicators: the allocated budget to his/her institution or organization and the duration of his/her tenure in each year. The power matrix for each province is made. Finally, the power index for Iranian provinces is calculated using methods of Simple Additive Weighting, TOPSIS, and Numerical Taxonomy. Then, according to TOPSIS method, the regions of Iran were divided into four groups. The findings show fundamental inequalities in the distribution of economic- political power in the regions of Iran during the period of 2009-2019. Also, The most fluctuations in economic-political power index have occured mainly in the middle groups. Since, most previous studies have emphasized regional inequalities in Iran based on various indicators, it seems that there is a correlation between the distribution of economic-political power and regional inequalities of Economic development. As a result, given the current status without change in the political power of the provinces, one can not expect a significant change in the economic development of the regions.
Macroeconomics
Zahra Sheikhali Zadeh; Jafar Haghighat; Zahra Karimi Takanlou; Seyed Saleh Akbar Mousavi
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the impact of banking crisis on income distribution among various income classes in 60 world countries during 1990–2020. In this line, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to estimate the six models with different dependent variables that depicted ...
Read More
The present study aimed to explore the impact of banking crisis on income distribution among various income classes in 60 world countries during 1990–2020. In this line, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to estimate the six models with different dependent variables that depicted income percentiles for the wealthy, middle, and poor classes. The findings indicated that during a banking crisis, the income share of the wealthy class decreases, while the middle class and the bottom 20% experience an increase in their income share. Consequently, banking crisis could contribute to income equality in the countries under study. In addition to the variable of banking crisis, other variables such as financial development and financial openness could lead to income inequality, while the variables like the ratio of public expenditure to GDP, trade openness, GDP, and GDP squared would cause income distribution equality in the countries. The results suggest that governments support lower-income percentiles through subsidies, support packages, more job opportunities, and provision of low-interest loans, in a bid to mitigate the detrimental effects of banking crisis and reduce income inequality. Furthermore, governments should levy taxes, such as capital gains tax, on higher-income percentiles.IntroductionThe literature offers various definitions for banking crisis. For instance, Liana et al. (2015) define banking crisis as the occurrence of simultaneous bankruptcies within the banking sector, resulting in substantial damage to the capital of the entire banking system, significant economic repercussions, and government intervention. According to Laeven and Valencia (2020), banking crisis occurs when two conditions are met: 1) “significant signs of financial distress within the banking system (indicated by significant bank runs, losses in the banking sector, and/or bank liquidations)” and 2) “significant intervention measures in banking policy in response to significant losses in the banking system.” The year in which both criteria are met is the year when crisis becomes systemic. Banking crisis exerts a myriad of effects, with one notable consequence being the issue of income inequality. There are two points of debate in this respect: the impact of banking crisis on income inequality and the reciprocal influence of income inequality on banking crisis. This research focused on the former. There are various channels through which banking crisis can adversely impact households and their income, including:(a) Loss of deposits in a failed banking institution(b) Loss of employment or earnings directly due to (i) disruption of the payments process, (ii) the bankruptcy of financial institutions (for employees and other stakeholders of these institutions) or (iii) the interruption of credit flows (for borrowing clients with information capital invested in the failed financial institutions)(c) Tax increases or curtailment of public spending due to fiscal cost of bail-outs of financial firms or their customers(d) Temporary or permanent changes in relative prices of (i) consumption goods, (ii) wage rates, (iii) production goods (iv) asset prices, that arise through knock-on effects on the rest of the economy(e) Involuntary unemployment if the crisis leads to a generalized economic downturn. (Honohan, 2005, pp. 6–7)In this context, the present study tried to answer the following questions: How does a banking crisis influence the income distribution of households and contribute to income inequality? Is the presumed impact the same across different income classes (i.e., wealthy, middle, and poor)?Materials and MethodsIn line with El Herradi and Leroy (2022), the present study used the following economic model:(1) In the model, refers to the income share of six different percentiles (p) including Top1%, Top10%, Top20%, Middle-class (21–79 percentile), Bottom20% and Bottom10% in the country i at the time t. is a dummy variable of the banking crisis (1 if a country i faces a banking crisis, otherwise 0). indicates the dependent variable of income distribution, with two lags to show the dynamics of the model. Finally, is a vector of lagged control variables, including GDP and GDP squared, financial development, trade openness, financial openness, the ratio of government public expenditures to GDP and political governance. Also, , and refer to country fixed effects, time fixed effects and an error term, respectively. , and k are model coefficients. The study sample comprised 60 countries worldwide, with annual data spanning the years 1990 to 2020.Results and DiscussionThe occurrence of a banking crisis is linked to significant yet varied effects across the income distribution. Consequently, during a banking crisis, the income shares of the top 1%, top 10%, top 20%, and bottom 10% experienced a decrease. Moreover, a banking crisis resulted in an increase in the income share of the middle-class population (21–79 percentiles) as well as the bottom 20% of individuals. Notably, the rise in the middle class was more substantial. Conversely, the lowest income group (the bottom 10%) exhibited a negative correlation between banking crisis and income share, mirroring the trend observed in the upper percentiles. However, the reduction in the income shares of the lowest income group (the bottom 10%) is considerably less than the losses suffered by higher income groups. According to the findings, the adverse impacts of banking crisis are more pronounced at the right end of income distribution. Therefore, the crisis could contribute to a reduction in income inequality.ConclusionThe findings indicated that a banking crisis adversely affects the income shares of the top 1%, top 10%, and top 20%. In simpler terms, a banking crisis diminishes the income share of these groups in the overall income of society. Notably, the reduction in the income shares of the top 10% (-0.426) is more pronounced compared to the top 1% and top 20% percentiles. Conversely, a banking crisis can increase the income share of the middle class (21–79 percentiles) and of the bottom 20% (i.e., the poor class), with a particularly substantial increase observed in the middle class. Turning to the lowest income group (the bottom 10%), a negative correlation exists between banking crisis and income share. Despite facing a decrease in income similar to the top income percentiles, the decline in their income share is considerably less than the losses experienced by the wealthy percentiles.In summary, a banking crisis could diminish the income share of the wealthy class and increase the income share of the middle and lower classes, contributing to a reduction in income inequality in the studied countries. Consequently, to mitigate the adverse effects of a banking crisis, governments can provide support to low-income percentiles through subsidies, support packages, more job opportunities, and low-interest loans. Additionally, taxes on high-income percentiles, such as capital gains tax, can be helpful. The measures can ultimately lead to a reduction in the income share of the wealthy percentiles and an increase in the share of the lower percentiles, improving income distribution and reducing income inequality.
International economy
Reza Ashraf Ganjoui; Saeed Iranmanesh
Abstract
In recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political interactions between some governments. The United States has imposed the most economic sanctions since World War II. Also, several actions have been taken by the United Nations in recent years. In this study, the ...
Read More
In recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political interactions between some governments. The United States has imposed the most economic sanctions since World War II. Also, several actions have been taken by the United Nations in recent years. In this study, the effect of economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index during the years 1991-2020 has been investigated by using the generalized least squares (GLS) method. The results indicate that the United Nations and United States sanctions have a significant effect on the misery index. On average, the imposition of sanctions by the United Nations and the United States have increased the misery index of the target country by 8.12 and 6.49, respectively. Also, the positive and increasing effect caused by the application of comprehensive economic sanctions of the United Nations on the misery index is more than the sanctions of the United States. IntroductionBefore the First World War, the countries with high military and economic power used the only means available to implement their desired policies in the target countries through war. However, since 1914 during the First World War and more widely since 1990, the military powers replaced the lever of war with economic and political sanctions to advance their goals in different countries (Medlicot, 1952). In recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political relations between some states. Difficulties caused by embargo can take different forms. Experts consider sanctions as economic tools that affect the economic interests of countries. According to what has been said, the innovation of this article is to examine the impact of economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index of the target countries, including Iran. Methodology and MethodsThe current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose. In this study, documentary methods will be used to identify variables and collect information, and statistical and econometric methods will be used for its analysis. The statistics and information needed for the research were extracted from the information available on the official website of the World Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank, the websites of the United States Congress and the United Nations website. In the present study, to evaluate the effects of the economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index of the sanctioned countries, the following model is estimated following the studies of Karimi et al. Where Yi,t is the dependent variable, 𝑋i,t represents a vector of control variables including liquidity (broad money) (LIQ), capital stock (K), gross domestic product at constant US dollar prices (2010=100) (GDP) and the degree of trade openness (𝑇𝑂) is imports and exports divided by GDP , UNi,t is the independent variable of United Nations sanctions, USi,t is the independent variable of United States sanctions, 𝛼i is the intercept, δt is the time effects on the constant term, is the error term of the model. ConclusionThe results of the estimation showed that the effect of United Nations and United States sanctions on the misery index was positive and significant. UN sanctions with a coefficient of 8.12 and sanctions of the United States with a coefficient of 6.49 have been effective on the misery index. Also, according to the results of the study, proper liquidity management, reducing the economy's dependence on certain product income, reviewing business relations and moving and replacing business partners are among the solutions that can play an effective role in reducing the negative consequences of sanctions for the target countries. To solve each of the two problems of inflation and stagnation, special policies are used, and generally, the monetary policies used for inflationary conditions are opposite to the policies that can be used for stagnation, in such a way that in economic theories, in inflationary conditions, monetary contractionary policies are used in recessionary conditions. Monetary expansion and fiscal expansion policy are suggested. But in a situation where the increase in the misery index is caused by the simultaneous increase in inflation and unemployment, it is very difficult to choose and apply the right policy in such a way that the implementation of a monetary contraction policy will lead to stagnation and an expansionary monetary policy will also lead to inflation. Economic management has special requirements in the context of the intensification of sanctions.
Reza Ebrahimi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , February 2005, , Pages 9-36
Abstract
Air pollution is an example of a negative externality; it imposes harmful effects and costs on people other than polluterS. In controlling air pollution, efficiency argument implies that, there is a rolefor the government to play. Studies show that taxation of fuels can be a powerful indirect instrumentfor ...
Read More
Air pollution is an example of a negative externality; it imposes harmful effects and costs on people other than polluterS. In controlling air pollution, efficiency argument implies that, there is a rolefor the government to play. Studies show that taxation of fuels can be a powerful indirect instrumentfor controlling air polluticn because of the association between fuels use and emissions. In Iran, fuels consumption is highly subsidized and energy prices have for several yean been below opportunity costs as measured by border prices. The present study examined the impact of fuel price increases-removing energy subsidies-on the emissions of air pollutants in the industry sector. We analyze interfuel substitution in this sector-within a translog cost model-and combine the results with emission factors to assess the potential for emission reductions via demand changes. The empirical results indicale that: (1) substitution possibilities werefound for most combinations of fuel types in induStry sector; (2)for SOx, NOx, SPM and HC, emission elasticities with respect to the price of heavy petroleum products are -0.289, -0.220. -0.255 and -0.072, respectively. Also, a 10 percent price increasefor light petroleum products would reduce t0tal emissions of CO and HC by 3.36% and 0.47% respectively.
mansour Zarra Nezhad; Ebrahim Anvaari
Volume 8, Issue 28 , October 2006, , Pages 139-168
Abstract
The most important issue concerning housing supply is that how people rank different attributes of a House. This evaluation can be measured by estimating housing price function. In order to examine the consumer’s evaluation, a hedonic price model has been applied using the panel data model including ...
Read More
The most important issue concerning housing supply is that how people rank different attributes of a House. This evaluation can be measured by estimating housing price function. In order to examine the consumer’s evaluation, a hedonic price model has been applied using the panel data model including the cross section observations on five municipality regions of the city of Ahvaz over years 1997-2003. The goal of this research is to determine the leading physical and environmental factor affecting the housing price in Ahvaz. To this end two panel data unit root tests and two cointegration tests for panel data as well as GLS estimation method have been conducted. The estimation has been carried out separately for three kinds of houses: Apartment, villa and others types.The empirical results reveal that the physical factors are the most important determinants of the demand for housing attributes and have the most effect on housing price as a whole. The environmental attributes take second place. The same is true for apartment, but it is just the reveres for villa. Being close to a street with a width of 4-10 meters is among the most important attributes affecting housing price in these two kinds of houses.
Mohammad Hadi Zahedi Vafa
Volume 16, Issue 46 , April 2011, , Pages 145-181
Abstract
Endogenous growth model developed here emphasizes dynamics, with explicit modeling of knowledge accumulation. Considering the uncertainty inherent in any search process, the model presents a dynamic stochastic system in which new technology and capital accumulation are boundedcomplements—they complement ...
Read More
Endogenous growth model developed here emphasizes dynamics, with explicit modeling of knowledge accumulation. Considering the uncertainty inherent in any search process, the model presents a dynamic stochastic system in which new technology and capital accumulation are boundedcomplements—they complement each other to a point, but beyond this the impact of each factor is constrained by the level of the other. As a result, both technological progress and capital accumulation are necessary for sustained growth, but neither on its own is sufficient. Technological advancement stimulates capital accumulation by raising the marginal product of capital. Rapid capital accumulation stimulates R&D investments by raising the expected profitability of innovation. This paper discusses different possible regimes that an economy may find itself in as a result of the interactions between capital accumulation and technological innovations and has important implications for growth-promoting policies, knowledge spillover, and international flow of capital.
Saeed Karimi; Saeed Rasekhi; Mojtaba Ehsani
Volume 13, Issue 39 , July 2009, , Pages 147-166
Abstract
Governments have an important role in planning and preparing the food these security through protection policies such as subsidizing the basic food in the same time pay subsidies it will increase the government expenditure,and hence, it is necessary to set specific goals carefully. In this article, the ...
Read More
Governments have an important role in planning and preparing the food these security through protection policies such as subsidizing the basic food in the same time pay subsidies it will increase the government expenditure,and hence, it is necessary to set specific goals carefully. In this article, the demand for main or basic foods, (i.e.bread, meat, milk, edible, oil and sugar) have been estimated by using AIDS Model and taking into account household budget in urban areas and consumer price index through two stage model and cointegration for the years 1934-2005. & estimation was done for both the short-run and the long-run and the homogenous constraint and symmetric have been examined by Wald test. As an instrument of analysis, price elasticity, income elasticity and cross price elasticity of demand have been calculated for the short-run and the long-run. The results show that reducing subsidies on these goods would put a pressure on consumer expenditure through the rise in the prices. However, changes in the structure of subsidies with a gradual reduction in the amount of subsidies for bread, edible oil and sugar and directing the payment toward meat and milk within a specific goal is recommended.
Morteza Naderi
Volume 5, Issue 17 , February 2004, , Pages 147-174
Abstract
Due to negative effects of financial crises on the real sectors of the economy, and the consequent recessionary impacts of them, the idea of forecasting financial crises via an early warning system has become a subject of interest to researchers. Financial crises of 1997 in South East ...
Read More
Due to negative effects of financial crises on the real sectors of the economy, and the consequent recessionary impacts of them, the idea of forecasting financial crises via an early warning system has become a subject of interest to researchers. Financial crises of 1997 in South East Aisa, and the fear of similar crises in the process of globalization has brought the subject to the attention of economists to a greater extent. This paper introduces an early warning system for detection and forecasting of financial crisis as an impirical diagnostic tool of macroeconomic policy in Iran. The system is developed with reference to literature review in other countries, and on the basis of “Signal Extraction” and “Financial Crises Probability Forecasting Methods”. In a simulation test our system was effective in detecting the crisis of 1993 two years ahead. This system may be further supplemented by using alternative econometric methods for future forecastings.
Khosrow Piraee,; Mohammad Reza Shahsavar
Volume 12, Issue 36 , October 2008, , Pages 153-185
Abstract
Subsidies and indirect taxes are important instruments in order to implement government policy aimed at poverty reduction. This paper develops a methodology to assess subsidies and indirect taxes from poverty reduction aspect. This method helps us to know whether subsidies and indirect taxes are pro ...
Read More
Subsidies and indirect taxes are important instruments in order to implement government policy aimed at poverty reduction. This paper develops a methodology to assess subsidies and indirect taxes from poverty reduction aspect. This method helps us to know whether subsidies and indirect taxes are pro poor or not. A fiscal policy can be said as pro poor if it benefits the poor proportionally more than the non poor. For this purpose, in the viewpoint of poverty the concept of elasticity of Foster, Greer, and Torbeque poverty index with respect to prices is used and then the pro-poor index for prices is derived we use the index to assess the indirect taxes and subsidies. The results of this research during the years 1379-83 in urban and rural areas in Iran indicate increasing in price of food items hurt the poor more than the rich and subsidizing these items (excluding beverages and tobacco) have been pro-poor. how ever, an increasing in price for items like health and care, transportation, communication and education hurt the rich more than the poor, and the rich benefit more than the poor from these subsidies.Therefore,a review on studies tax program in order to reduce inequality and improve welfare seems to be necessary.
Hoshang Shajari; Komail Tayebi; Seyed Abdolmajid Jalaee
Volume 8, Issue 26 , April 2006, , Pages 153-179
Abstract
In the literature of international economics, determination of exchange rate pass- through has been closefy related to main determinants, and to its impacts on other economic variables. In principle, exchange rate pass-through is defined as a change in exchange rate as a result of a change in prices ...
Read More
In the literature of international economics, determination of exchange rate pass- through has been closefy related to main determinants, and to its impacts on other economic variables. In principle, exchange rate pass-through is defined as a change in exchange rate as a result of a change in prices of imported goods. The pass-through is generally measured based on the responsiveness of the import price index to changes in real exchange rate. In accordance with fluctuations in foreign exchange and the exchange rate, this paper attempts to explore the importance of exchange rate pass-through in the Iranian economy. origenaly, a theoretical discussion of the exchange rate pass-through is reviewed, and then, by using Neuro-Fuzzy Systems its situation in Iran is analyzed. In addition, empirical models of import prices and exchange rate are specified for the Iranian economy to examine the impacts of monetary and foreign exchange policies, as well as the degree of economic opennness on exhang rate pass-through in Iran. The models are also estimated and evaluated by the Neuro-Fuzzy Systems. In general, the results obtained indicate that the conduction of all mentioned policies has significant and positive effects on the pass-through status. In addition, the method used is a more efficient and reliable instrument in forecasting the trends of the exchange rate and the price variables
Javad Torkamani; Elham Jamali Moghadam
Volume 7, Issue 25 , February 2006, , Pages 153-174
Abstract
This study attempts to investigate the effects of some government spending on poverty reduction in rural areas of Iran. Using time series data of 1971-2001, a system of equations including variables affecting poverty and productivity growth was considered. The system equations included poverty, total ...
Read More
This study attempts to investigate the effects of some government spending on poverty reduction in rural areas of Iran. Using time series data of 1971-2001, a system of equations including variables affecting poverty and productivity growth was considered. The system equations included poverty, total factor productivity, nonagricultural employment, road, irrigation, power, wage and terms of trade. Using the simultaneity and diagonolity tests, the results showed three stage least square method is more suitable in this study. Marginal effects of government spending on poverty were calculated. Based on the results, government spending on rural and community development, roads agricultural research and development and irrigation, have the large impact on poverty reduction, respectively.
Gholamreza Keshavarz Haddad; Syed Hassan Maanavi
Volume 12, Issue 37 , February 2009, , Pages 155-177
Reza Najarzade; Morteza Ezati; Hadi Mirzanejad
Volume 17, Issue 51 , July 2012, , Pages 157-179
Abstract
In this article the Panzar & Rosse approach was employed to assess the level of competitiveness of the Iranian banking system during 1997-2010. We used panel data for all the 18 banks (private and public) that had been commercially active for at least the last four years. The results indicate that ...
Read More
In this article the Panzar & Rosse approach was employed to assess the level of competitiveness of the Iranian banking system during 1997-2010. We used panel data for all the 18 banks (private and public) that had been commercially active for at least the last four years. The results indicate that during the period of the study the banking system has been operating under a monopolistic competition system. Using a dummy variable we also were able to show that the competition among the private banks has been stronger than the public banks. And finally the results indicate that with the more private banks entering the market the competition of the whole banking system has improved.
Mohammad Mowlaei
Volume 7, Issue 22 , April 2005, , Pages 157-176
Abstract
Productivity of the factors of production is one of the important indices to measure the advantages of industries in the internal and external levels of any country. The productivity growth of the production factors decreases the production costs and increases the competitive power of the producer in ...
Read More
Productivity of the factors of production is one of the important indices to measure the advantages of industries in the internal and external levels of any country. The productivity growth of the production factors decreases the production costs and increases the competitive power of the producer in the market. Thus, the entrepreneurs prefer to invest on the industries which enjoy both high value added and high productivity.
This paper calculates and compares the total, average and marginal productivity of different small and large scale industries of Iran during 1366-1380. The industries are divided into nine industrial groups according to international classification I.S.I.C, Rev.2. The Cobb-Douglas production function is used for studying and calculating the total and marginal productivity. The average ratio of value added to factors of labour and capital during the period of study is used for calculating the average productivity.
The paper concludes that the total, average and marginal productivity of the total small scale industries is less than the large ones. But the productivity of some groups of small scale industries is more than large ones.
Vahideh Parizan; Mohammad Bakhshoodeh
Volume 10, Issue 34 , April 2008, , Pages 161-178
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the rates of supports for wheat and rice producers and consumers including input support, price support and aggregate domestic support of these products at the end years of three recent development programs (1993, 1999 and 2003). Required data were collected from ...
Read More
The aim of this study is to investigate the rates of supports for wheat and rice producers and consumers including input support, price support and aggregate domestic support of these products at the end years of three recent development programs (1993, 1999 and 2003). Required data were collected from Production Cost Collection of agricultural commodities, Iranian Foreign Trade Statistics Yearbooks, Iranian Central Bank and other statistical databases. Results show that the rates of supports for wheat and rice are high and therefore a portion of producers' income and consumers' expenditures are contributed to protection policies. In all studied years, consumers support exceeded from those of producers and considering the low level of price supports, total supports are recognized to be almost equal to input supports for these two products.
Shaker Mohamadi; Ali Sayemiri; Hadi Gorji
Volume 9, Issue 31 , July 2007, , Pages 165-188
Abstract
There are several definitions and measurement of poverty .In this study we use the relative poverty line by using and basic groups of consumption pattern including foods, cloth, housing, health, transportation, recreation and education and others. We calculated the relative index, relative gap income ...
Read More
There are several definitions and measurement of poverty .In this study we use the relative poverty line by using and basic groups of consumption pattern including foods, cloth, housing, health, transportation, recreation and education and others. We calculated the relative index, relative gap income poverty inequality index and Kakavani in 1995 were 52%, 39% 33% and 17%, respectively and in 2004 to 17%, 33%, 16% and 3% which shows a considerable improvement.
Ahmad Jafari Samimi; Toraj Dehghani
Volume 9, Issue 30 , April 2007, , Pages 165-192
Abstract
In this paper we study one of the most important challenges facing the Iranian Oil authorities: The allocation of natural gas reserves to different uses like exports, petrochemical plants, and injection to oil reserves for enhancing recovery factor. The results show that in the ranking of the project ...
Read More
In this paper we study one of the most important challenges facing the Iranian Oil authorities: The allocation of natural gas reserves to different uses like exports, petrochemical plants, and injection to oil reserves for enhancing recovery factor. The results show that in the ranking of the project groups on the basis of expected net present value and risk index, the export projects group has a greater value and risk than gas injection projects group and petrochemical group. In choosing the portfolios on the efficient frontier, the amount of gas allocated to export projects should be less if we aim the lower risk than the situation with higher values and risk. However, the amount of gas allocated to injection and petrochemical projects groups will decrease as the risk and value of portfolios increase. Also, the results show that the more risk lover the investor, the higher the amount of gas allocated to gas export projects group.
Zoorar Permeh; Mohammad Ghorbani
Volume 6, Issue 19 , July 2004, , Pages 169-187
Abstract
This paper aims at estimation of own price elasticity, cross price elasticity and elasticity of saving with respect to income and price in the framework of the linear expenditures system (LES). Our findings show that aggregate marginal propensity to expenditure (MPC) is 0.72 beverange, fast food and ...
Read More
This paper aims at estimation of own price elasticity, cross price elasticity and elasticity of saving with respect to income and price in the framework of the linear expenditures system (LES). Our findings show that aggregate marginal propensity to expenditure (MPC) is 0.72 beverange, fast food and tobacco products, and housing are 0.098 and 0.08, respectively. The lowest MPC belongs to flour, cereal and bread with 0.028. Estimated income elasticity of goods and services dedicate that foods (excluding beverage, fast food and tobacco products) are necessity but housing, transportation, communication and entertainment are luxury. The price elasticity of saving reveals that any increase in flour and products, meat, milk and products, edible oils, fruits and vegetables, clothing and footwear will result in a decrease in the saving. The income elasticity of saving is 2.45.
Jamishid Pajooian; Maryam Lashkaryzadeh
Volume 14, Issue 42 , April 2010, , Pages 169-188
Abstract
The local and international environmental problems are one of the most important concerns for economists, politicians, and lawmakers. Therefore, an investigation of the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution can be important ,because it may be used as a base for national and ...
Read More
The local and international environmental problems are one of the most important concerns for economists, politicians, and lawmakers. Therefore, an investigation of the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution can be important ,because it may be used as a base for national and international environmental policies. In this study, a panel data approach was used to analyze the effect of economic growth, technical, preferential and political changes on the important air pollution factors in the 56 selected countries with different developments levels for the period 1995 - 2005.The results indicate that despite the positive effect of the economic growth on the environmental pollution, technological advances have played an important role in the reduction of sulfur and nitrogen dioxide,and in improvement of the political indices in the reduction of carbon dioxide as the air pollutant.
Reza Akbarian; Abbas Mohtashami
Volume 8, Issue 29 , February 2007, , Pages 171-196
Abstract
This study examines the impact of economic liberalization on employment in the industrial sector in Iran. In our model, the labour demand function in industrial sector is considered to be a function of real value added, real wage rate, real user cost of capital, and globalization indices. The ratio of ...
Read More
This study examines the impact of economic liberalization on employment in the industrial sector in Iran. In our model, the labour demand function in industrial sector is considered to be a function of real value added, real wage rate, real user cost of capital, and globalization indices. The ratio of exports to real value added, the ratio of imports to real value added, and the ratio of the sum of exports and imports to real value added are used as globalization or economic openness indices.
The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is used to estimate the labour demand function for the period 1971-2003. The results indicate that except for the real wage rate, other variables have a positive and significant relationship with employment in industrial sector for the period under the study in Iran.
Rahman Khoshakhlagh; Alimorad Sharifi; Maisam Kouchek Zadeh
Volume 7, Issue 24 , October 2005, , Pages 171-192
Abstract
Solar energy is one of the main renewable energy sources in Iran and many regions (specially central desert) have considerable potential for solar energy utilization. The objective of this paper is an economic evaluation of solar (photovoltaic) power plant utilization compared with both diesel power ...
Read More
Solar energy is one of the main renewable energy sources in Iran and many regions (specially central desert) have considerable potential for solar energy utilization. The objective of this paper is an economic evaluation of solar (photovoltaic) power plant utilization compared with both diesel power plant and power grid connection in the central rural regions in Iran. The electricity costs have been computed by using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). Results of different scenarios indicate that unit energy cost in photovoltaic system is 960 Rls/kWh which is less than unit energy cost in other electricity supply options.
Masoud Sadeghi; Karim Azarbayegani
Volume 8, Issue 27 , July 2006, , Pages 175-197
Abstract
Knowledge and technology play an important role in raising the demand for labour and reducing the rate of unemployment. In knowledge based economy, a rise in knowledge and skills will lead to innovations, thus raising productivity and , incomes and reducing inflation and unemployment. Supplying high ...
Read More
Knowledge and technology play an important role in raising the demand for labour and reducing the rate of unemployment. In knowledge based economy, a rise in knowledge and skills will lead to innovations, thus raising productivity and , incomes and reducing inflation and unemployment. Supplying high quality goods and changing consumption patterns due to technological break-through would expand markets and raise the demand for labour.
On the other hand, skilled labour would lead to dynamism and technological improvements in production processes, therefore, expanding production capacity consequently and raising the export of knowledge and competitiveness in international markets. Creation of different and new job opportunities is a consequence of technological improvement. Technology improvement would reduce the number of jobs for unskilled labour and would increase the number of jobs for hight skilled labour.
This paper examines the impact of knowledge and technology on the demand for labour in Iran between 1350-1380.Using the OLS method, the results of the estimated model show that knowledge and technology have positive and meaningful effect on demand for labour in Iran.
Teymour Mohammadi; Hossain Akbarifard
Volume 11, Issue 35 , July 2008, , Pages 177-204
Abstract
Identification of sources of disturbances in production and economic growth are amongst the most important macroeconomic discussions. There are fundamental differences between different economic schools with regard to factors creating business cycles. Research methodology of this paper is descriptive. ...
Read More
Identification of sources of disturbances in production and economic growth are amongst the most important macroeconomic discussions. There are fundamental differences between different economic schools with regard to factors creating business cycles. Research methodology of this paper is descriptive. It is based on the Iranian data for period of 1962-2005. To do this Tornvist index of total factors productivity has been in estimated. Then, using Blanchard- Quah method, temporary and permanent shocks have been decomposed. Results of study indicate that supply side shocks have significant effect on economic growth, and effects of demand side shocks on economic growth are transitory. Supply side shocks (productivity shocks) have accumulative effects on economic growth.
Kazem Yavari
Volume 17, Issue 50 , April 2012, , Pages 179-195
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to overview early warning systems, discussing their importance and relevance for current situations of Iran’s financial system and economy. An early warning system generates ex-ante warnings of potential problems that may emerge or develop in the future on account ...
Read More
The main purpose of this paper is to overview early warning systems, discussing their importance and relevance for current situations of Iran’s financial system and economy. An early warning system generates ex-ante warnings of potential problems that may emerge or develop in the future on account of the current risk profile of a financial institution. Although there are various approaches to model warning and prediction of financial and economic risks, the signal extraction approach is the most popular one and gained more attention than any other approaches by financial institutions and policy makers. This approach is explained in detail. The paper will also analyze importance and relevance of early warning systems for Iran’s financial system and economy. Pointing out to some leading indicators, the paper suggests that Iranian authorities and in particular economic policy makers need to develop and design an appropriate early warning system to be able to avoid future financial and economic crises or at least take necessary measures to reduce their negative impacts
Mohamad Naghi Nazarpoor; Ayoub Khazaei
Volume 17, Issue 52 , October 2012, , Pages 183-209
Abstract
Along with other transitional developments Iranian capital market is also expected to expand and diversify in the course of country’s 20 year perspective development plan. Securities and exchange council has recently authorized several financial instruments in order to meet the needs of the market ...
Read More
Along with other transitional developments Iranian capital market is also expected to expand and diversify in the course of country’s 20 year perspective development plan. Securities and exchange council has recently authorized several financial instruments in order to meet the needs of the market for financing various economic projects. One of these instruments is the “ISTISNA' Sukuk”. This paper introduces this new financial instruments and gives a clear description of it, and its various forms such as “debt purchase Sukuk”, “lease to own Sukuk”, and “mortgage based Sukuk”. Finally various features of the proposed sukuk are compared and analysed.
